Submission to Open Journal of the Computer Society

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OJ_Template/Original_Submission/Schrick-Noah_AG-CG-CR.tex

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-\documentclass[conference]{IEEEtran}
+\documentclass{IEEEoj}
 \usepackage{cite}
 \usepackage{amsmath,amssymb,amsfonts}
 \usepackage{algorithmic}
@@ -12,45 +12,37 @@
 \def\BibTeX{{\rm B\kern-.05em{\sc i\kern-.025em b}\kern-.08em
     T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}}
 
-\usepackage[hidelinks]{hyperref} % Clickable TOC Links
+\AtBeginDocument{\definecolor{ojcolor}{cmyk}{0.93,0.59,0.15,0.02}}
-\hypersetup{
+\def\OJlogo{\vspace{-14pt}\includegraphics[height=28pt]{OJIM.png}}
-    colorlinks,
-    citecolor=black,
-    filecolor=black,
-    linkcolor=black,
-    urlcolor=black
-}
-    
 \begin{document}
-
+\receiveddate{01 December, 2023}
+\reviseddate{XX Month, XXXX}
+\accepteddate{XX Month, XXXX}
+\publisheddate{XX Month, XXXX}
+\currentdate{XX Month, XXXX}
+\doiinfo{OJIM.2023.1234567}
+    
 \title{Application-Level Checkpoint/Restart for Large-Scale Attack and Compliance Graphs
 }
 
-\author{\IEEEauthorblockN{Noah L. Schrick}
+\author{NOAH L. SCHRICK\authorrefmark{1}, MEMBER, IEEE, AND PETER J. HAWRYLAK\authorrefmark{2}, SENIOR MEMBER, IEEE.}
-\IEEEauthorblockA{\textit{Tandy School of Computer Science} \\
+\affil{Department of Computer Science, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, 
-\textit{The University of Tulsa}\\
+OK 74104 USA}
-Tulsa, USA \\
+\corresp{CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Noah L. Schrick (e-mail: noah-schrick@utulsa.edu).}
-noah-schrick@utulsa.edu}
-\and
-\IEEEauthorblockN{Peter J. Hawrylak}
-\IEEEauthorblockA{\textit{Tandy School of Computer Science} \\
-\textit{The University of Tulsa}\\
-Tulsa, USA \\
-peter-hawrylak@utulsa.edu}
-}
-
-\maketitle
 
 \begin{abstract}
     Attack graphs and compliance graphs are graphical representations of systems used to analyze their standings in regards to cybersecurity or compliance postures. These graphs are designed to examine all permutations and combinations of changes that can occur to systems, and represent those changes through the topological information of the resulting graph. Due to their exhaustive nature, these graphs are often large-scale. Various efforts have shown success in the parallelization and generation deployment on High-Performance Computing (HPC) systems. Despite the additional compute power that HPC systems provide, these large-scale graphs still posses lengthy runtimes and require large amounts of system memory to fully contain the resulting graph. This work presents a Checkpoint/Restart (C/R) implementation specific to attack and compliance graphs that aims to provide fault-tolerance and memory relief throughout the generation process. This implementation has been designed to be built within the graph generation source code, and provides a lightweight alternative to other C/R implementations. The results indicate that this implementation is successful at providing fault-tolerance and memory relief while having low impact to the generation process and to the source code.
 \end{abstract}
 
 \begin{IEEEkeywords}
-Attack Graph; Compliance Graph; MPI; High-Performance Computing; Checkpoint/Restart;
+    Attack Graph; Compliance Graph; MPI; High-Performance Computing; Checkpoint/Restart;
-\end{IEEEkeywords}
+    \end{IEEEkeywords}
+    
+\maketitle
+
 
 \section{Introduction} \label{sec:Intro}
-In order to predict and prevent the risk of cyber attacks, various modeling and tabletop approaches are implemented to best prepare for attack scenarios. One approach is through the use of attack graphs, originally presented by the author of \cite{schneier_modeling_1999}. Attack graphs represent possible attack scenarios or vulnerability paths in a network. These graphs consist of nodes and edges, with various information encoded at the topological level as well as within the nodes themselves. Similarly, compliance graphs are used to predict and prevent violations of compliance or regulation mandates \cite{j_hale_compliance_nodate}. These graphs are now generated through the use of attack or compliance graph generators, rather than by hand. The generator tool used for the implementation of this work is RAGE (the RAGE Attack Graph Engine) \cite{cook_rage_2018}.
+\IEEEPARstart{I}{n} order to predict and prevent the risk of cyber attacks, various modeling and tabletop approaches are implemented to best prepare for attack scenarios. One approach is through the use of attack graphs, originally presented by the author of \cite{schneier_modeling_1999}. Attack graphs represent possible attack scenarios or vulnerability paths in a network. These graphs consist of nodes and edges, with various information encoded at the topological level as well as within the nodes themselves. Similarly, compliance graphs are used to predict and prevent violations of compliance or regulation mandates \cite{j_hale_compliance_nodate}. These graphs are now generated through the use of attack or compliance graph generators, rather than by hand. The generator tool used for the implementation of this work is RAGE (the RAGE Attack Graph Engine) \cite{cook_rage_2018}.
 
 Despite their advantages, graph generation has many challenges that prevent full actualization of computation seen from a theoretical standpoint, and these challenges extend to attack and compliance graphs. 
 In practice, graph generation often achieves only a very low percentage of its expected performance \cite{berry_graph_2007}. A few reasons
@@ -72,11 +64,11 @@ Other investigations into attack and compliance graphs attempt to improve perfor
 \section{Methodology}
 \subsection{Checkpointing}
 Previous works with RAGE have been designed around maximizing performance to limit the longer runtime caused by the state space explosion, such as the works seen by the authors of \cite{cook_rage_2018},
-\cite{li_concurrency_2019}, and \cite{li_combining_2019}. To this end, the output graph is contained in memory during the generation process to minimize disk writing and reading. RAGE does incorporate PostgreSQL as an initial and final storage mechanism to write the starting and resulting graph information, but no intermediate storage is otherwise conducted. Based on the inclusion of PostgreSQL in RAGE, the C/R approach was based around this dependency. Figure \ref{fig:cr} shows an image of an attack or compliance graph that is undergoing the generation process. All nodes and edges within the ``instance" box have been fully explored, and all information is stored in memory. All nodes within the ``frontier" box have their information stored in memory, but they have not yet undergone exploration. To checkpoint at this point in time, both the instance and the frontier need to be saved. Additionally, since the instance will no longer be used, it can be fully removed from memory. Section \ref{sec:mem-constraint} highlights the advantages and necessities of this removal.
+\cite{li_concurrency_2019}, and \cite{li_combining_2019}. To this end, the output graph is contained in memory during the generation process to minimize disk writing and reading. RAGE does incorporate PostgreSQL as an initial and final storage mechanism to write the starting and resulting graph information, but no intermediate storage is otherwise conducted. Based on the inclusion of PostgreSQL in RAGE, the C/R approach was based around this dependency. Fig. \ref{fig:cr} shows an image of an attack or compliance graph that is undergoing the generation process. All nodes and edges within the ``instance" box have been fully explored, and all information is stored in memory. All nodes within the ``frontier" box have their information stored in memory, but they have not yet undergone exploration. To checkpoint at this point in time, both the instance and the frontier need to be saved. Additionally, since the instance will no longer be used, it can be fully removed from memory. Section \ref{sec:mem-constraint} highlights the advantages and necessities of this removal.
 
 \begin{figure}[htp]
     \centering
-    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{"./images/checkpoint.png"}
+    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{"./images/schri1.png"}
         \caption{An Attack or Compliance Graph Undergoing Generation}
         \label{fig:cr}
 \end{figure}
@@ -129,29 +121,29 @@ The restarting process for attack and compliance graph generation requires only
 \section{Results}
 Results were collected to measure the checkpointing time as a function of the instance size in bytes, as well as the frontier size in bytes. The restart results were collected to measure the time taken to restart as a function of the frontier size in bytes. In order to mitigate the non-deterministic effects of networking as much as possible, the checkpointing and restarting processes were called by a compute node that was also running the PostgreSQL instance. 
 
-Figure \ref{fig:inst-time} displays the time taken to checkpoint as the instance size grows. The size of the instance was measured in bytes to allow for abstracting the number of items in the instance and the size of each item. This figure demonstrates that as the instance grows, the time taken to checkpoint remains linear. This figure includes two trendlines - one for a linear fit, and one for a logarithmic fit. Though the logarithmic fit appears to match the data better than the linear fit when the instance size is less than 20MB, the accuracy begins to decrease after this size. Based on the timing data obtained, the logarithmic fit predicts higher than the actual data for smaller instances, and the linear fit predicts lower than the actual data.
+Fig. \ref{fig:inst-time} displays the time taken to checkpoint as the instance size grows. The size of the instance was measured in bytes to allow for abstracting the number of items in the instance and the size of each item. This figure demonstrates that as the instance grows, the time taken to checkpoint remains linear. This figure includes two trendlines - one for a linear fit, and one for a logarithmic fit. Though the logarithmic fit appears to match the data better than the linear fit when the instance size is less than 20MB, the accuracy begins to decrease after this size. Based on the timing data obtained, the logarithmic fit predicts higher than the actual data for smaller instances, and the linear fit predicts lower than the actual data.
 
 \begin{figure}[htp]
     \centering
-    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{"./images/instance_time.png"}
+    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{"./images/schri2.png"}
         \caption{Time Taken to Checkpoint as the Size of the Instance Grows}
         \label{fig:inst-time}
 \end{figure}
 
-Figure \ref{fig:front-chk-time} displays the time taken to checkpoint as the frontier size grows. Similar to the instance size, the frontier was also measured in bytes for consistency. This figure illustrates that as the frontier grows, the checkpoint time also remains linear. Compared to the time taken to checkpoint the instance, the frontier requires less time. Since the graph instance contains various topological information such as edges and edge labels, additional time is required compared to the frontier.
+Fig. \ref{fig:front-chk-time} displays the time taken to checkpoint as the frontier size grows. Similar to the instance size, the frontier was also measured in bytes for consistency. This figure illustrates that as the frontier grows, the checkpoint time also remains linear. Compared to the time taken to checkpoint the instance, the frontier requires less time. Since the graph instance contains various topological information such as edges and edge labels, additional time is required compared to the frontier.
 
 \begin{figure}[htp]
     \centering
-    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{"./images/frontier_checkpoint_time.png"}
+    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{"./images/schri3.png"}
         \caption{Time Taken to Checkpoint as the Size of the Frontier Grows}
         \label{fig:front-chk-time}
 \end{figure}
 
-Figure \ref{fig:front-rest-time} displays the time taken to restart as the frontier size grows. The frontier was again measured in bytes. This figure illustrates that the restart time remains linear as the size of the frontier grows. This figure shows that there is less time taken to restart due to the limited amount of information needed to restart compared to the information needed to checkpoint. Since the checkpointing process involves saving the graph instance and the frontier, extra time is required compared to the restart process which only requires the queue of unexplored states.
+Fig. \ref{fig:front-rest-time} displays the time taken to restart as the frontier size grows. The frontier was again measured in bytes. This figure illustrates that the restart time remains linear as the size of the frontier grows. This figure shows that there is less time taken to restart due to the limited amount of information needed to restart compared to the information needed to checkpoint. Since the checkpointing process involves saving the graph instance and the frontier, extra time is required compared to the restart process which only requires the queue of unexplored states.
 
 \begin{figure}[htp]
     \centering
-    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{"./images/frontier_restart_time.png"}
+    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{"./images/schri4.png"}
         \caption{Time Taken to Restart as the Size of the Frontier Grows}
         \label{fig:front-rest-time}
 \end{figure}
@@ -165,4 +157,24 @@ Future work includes performance and size comparisons to available C/R libraries
 \bibliography{Bibliography}
 \bibliographystyle{ieeetr}
 
+\begin{biography}[
+    {
+    \includegraphics[width=1in,height=1.25in,clip,keepaspectratio]{"./images/schri5.png"}
+    }
+    ]
+    {Noah L. Schrick}
+    is a fourth-year PhD student in Computer Science at the University of Tulsa. He received his Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Computer Engineering and his Master of Science in Computer Science at the University of Tulsa.\par His research focus is on cybersecurity and compliance, where he is working on the analysis of large-scale attack and compliance graphs to detect, correct, and predict violations in regulations or mandates. He has additional research interests in high-performance computing, research computing, platform engineering, and scientific software development. Noah L. Schrick is a TU-Cyber Fellow at the University of Tulsa, where he focuses on the innovation and growth of industry-applicable research.
+\end{biography}
+
+\begin{biography}[
+    {
+    \includegraphics[width=1in,height=1.25in,clip,keepaspectratio]{"./images/schri6.jpg"}
+    }
+    ]
+    {Peter J. Hawrylak}
+    is an Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, with joint appointments in the Tandy School for Computer Science and the School of Cyber Studies, at The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA.  He has published more than 60 publications and holds 15 patents in the radio frequency identification (RFID), energy harvesting, and cyber-security areas.  His research interests include RFID, security for low-power wireless devices, Internet of Things applications, critical infrastructure security, high-performance computing, and digital design.  Dr. Hawrylak's research has been supported by NASA, DOD, the U.S. Army, DOE, Argonne National Laboratory, DOT, EPA, CDC, NSF, and OCAST.\par
+    Dr. Hawrylak is a senior member of the IEEE and IEEE Computer Society, has served as Secretary of the Tulsa Section of the IEEE 2015-2018, Vice-Chair of the Tulsa Section of the IEEE 2019-2020, and is currently serving as Chair of the Tulsa Section of the IEEE (2020-Present) leading the Section through the COVID-19 pandemic.  He served as chair of the RFID Experts Group (REG) of Association for Automatic Identification and Mobility (AIM) in 2012-2013.  Peter received AIM Inc.'s Ted Williams Award in 2015 for his contributions to the RFID industry.  Dr. Hawrylak serves on the Organizing Committee of the International IEEE RFID Conference, and served two terms as the Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE RFID Virtual Journal (2016-2019) and also as the Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Radio Frequency Identification Technology and Applications (IJRFITA) journal published by InderScience Publishers, which focuses on the application and development of RFID technology.\par
+    Peter is a senior member (M'05-SM'17) of IEEE and the IEEE Computer Society, is a member of IEEE-HKN, and is a member of Tau Beta Pi.  He has served as the faculty advisor for the IEEE-HKN chapter at The University of Tulsa (Zeta Nu chapter) from Aug. 2010 to Dec. 2020.
+\end{biography}
+
 \end{document}

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+\publisheddate{XX Month, XXXX}
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+\doiinfo{OJIM.2022.1234567}
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+\title{Preparation of Papers for IEEE OPEN JOURNALS}
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+\author{FIRST A. AUTHOR\authorrefmark{1}, FELLOW, IEEE, SECOND B.
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+\affil{National Institute of Standards and 
+Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA}
+\affil{Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 
+CO 80523 USA}
+\corresp{CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: First A. Author (e-mail: author@ boulder.nist.gov).}
+\authornote{This work was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada.}
+\markboth{Preparation of Papers for IEEE OPEN JOURNALS}{Author \textit{et al.}}
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+These instructions give you guidelines for preparing papers for IEEE
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+ Otherwise, use this document as an instruction set. The electronic file of your paper will be formatted further at IEEE. Paper titles should be written in uppercase and lowercase letters, not all uppercase. Avoid writing long formulas with subscripts in the title; short formulas that identify the elements are fine (e.g., ``Nd--Fe--B''). Do not write ``(Invited)'' in the title. Full names of authors are preferred in the author field, but are not required. Put a space between authors' initials. The abstract must be a concise yet comprehensive reflection of what is in your article. In particular, the abstract must be self-contained, without abbreviations, footnotes, or references. It should be a microcosm of the full article. The abstract must be between 150--250 words. Be sure that you adhere to these limits; otherwise, you will need to edit your abstract accordingly. The abstract must be written as one paragraph, and should not contain displayed mathematical equations or tabular material. The abstract should include three or four different keywords or phrases, as this will help readers to find it. It is important to avoid over-repetition of such phrases as this can result in a page being rejected by search engines. Ensure that your abstract reads well and is grammatically correct.
+\end{abstract}
+
+\begin{IEEEkeywords}
+Enter key words or phrases in alphabetical order, separated by commas. For a list of suggested keywords, send a blank e-mail to keywords@ieee.org or visit 
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+\end{IEEEkeywords}
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+
+\section{INTRODUCTION}
+\IEEEPARstart{T}{his} document is a template for \LaTeX. If you are 
+reading a paper or PDF version of this document, please download the 
+electronic file, trans\_jour.tex, from the IEEE Web site at \underline
+{http://ieeeauthorcenter.ieee.org/create-your-ieee-article/}\break\underline{use-authoring-tools-and-ieee-article-templates/ieee-article-}\break\underline{templates/} so you can use it to prepare your manuscript.
+You can also explore using the Overleaf editor at 
+{https://www.overleaf.com/blog/278-how-to-use-overleaf-with-ieee-collabratec-your-quick-guide-to-getting-started\break\#.xsVp6tpPkrKM9}
+
+If your paper is intended for a conference, please contact your conference 
+editor concerning acceptable formats for your particular 
+conference.
+
+IEEE will do the final formatting of your paper. If your paper is intended 
+for a conference, please observe the conference page limits.
+
+\subsection{ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS}
+Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are used in the text, 
+even after they have already been defined in the abstract. Abbreviations 
+such as IEEE, SI, ac, and dc do not have to be defined. Abbreviations that 
+incorporate periods should not have spaces: write ``C.N.R.S.,'' not ``C. N. 
+R. S.'' Do not use abbreviations in the title unless they are unavoidable 
+(for example, ``IEEE'' in the title of this article).
+
+\subsection{OTHER RECOMMENDATIONS}
+Use one space after periods and colons. Hyphenate complex modifiers: 
+``zero-field-cooled magnetization.'' Avoid dangling participles, such as, 
+``Using (1), the potential was calculated.'' [It is not clear who or what 
+used (1).] Write instead, ``The potential was calculated by using (1),'' or 
+``Using (1), we calculated the potential.''
+
+Use a zero before decimal points: ``0.25,'' not ``.25.'' Use ``cm$^3$,'' not 
+``cc.'' Indicate sample dimensions as ``0.1 cm \texttimes 0.2 cm,'' not 
+``0.1 \texttimes 0.2 cm$^{2}$.'' The abbreviation for ``seconds'' is ``s,'' 
+not ``sec.'' Use ``Wb/m$^{2}$'' or ``webers per square meter,'' not 
+``webers/m$^2$.'' When expressing a range of values, write ``7 to 9'' or 
+``7-9,'' not ``7\textasciitilde 9.''
+
+A parenthetical statement at the end of a sentence is punctuated outside of 
+the closing parenthesis (like this). (A parenthetical sentence is punctuated 
+within the parentheses.) In American English, periods and commas are within 
+quotation marks, like ``this period.'' Other punctuation is ``outside''! 
+Avoid contractions; for example, write ``do not'' instead of ``don't.'' The 
+serial comma is preferred: ``A, B, and C'' instead of ``A, B and C.''
+
+If you wish, you may write in the first person singular or plural and use 
+the active voice (``I observed that \textellipsis'' or ``We observed that \textellipsis'' 
+instead of ``It was observed that \textellipsis''). Remember to check spelling. If 
+your native language is not English, please get a native English-speaking 
+colleague to carefully proofread your paper.
+
+Try not to use too many typefaces in the same article. You're writing
+scholarly papers, not ransom notes. Also please remember that MathJax
+can't handle really weird typefaces.
+
+\subsection{EQUATIONS}
+To make your equations more 
+compact, you may use the solidus (~/~), the exp function, or appropriate 
+exponents. Use parentheses to avoid ambiguities in denominators. Punctuate 
+equations when they are part of a sentence, as in
+\begin{equation}
+\label{eq1}
+x=\frac{111111111}{12345679}=9 .
+\end{equation}
+Note that $x$ is math mode because it is a variable. 
+Be sure that the symbols in your equation have been defined before the 
+equation appears or immediately following. Italicize symbols ($T$ might refer 
+to temperature, but T is the unit tesla). Refer to ``(1),'' not ``Eq. (1)'' 
+or ``equation (1),'' except at the beginning of a sentence: ``Equation (1) 
+is \textellipsis .''
+
+\subsection{\LaTeX-SPECIFIC ADVICE}
+
+Please use ``soft'' (e.g., \verb|\eqref{Eq}|) cross references instead
+of ``hard'' references (e.g., \verb|(1)|). That will make it possible
+to combine sections, add equations, or change the order of figures or
+citations without having to go through the file line by line.
+
+Please don't use the \verb|{eqnarray}| equation environment. Use
+\verb|{align}| or \verb|{IEEEeqnarray}| instead. The \verb|{eqnarray}|
+environment leaves unsightly spaces around relation symbols.
+
+Please note that the \verb|{subequations}| environment in {\LaTeX}
+will increment the main equation counter even when there are no
+equation numbers displayed. If you forget that, you might write an
+article in which the equation numbers skip from (17) to (20), causing
+the copy editors to wonder if you've discovered a new method of
+counting.
+
+{\BibTeX} does not work by magic. It doesn't get the bibliographic
+data from thin air but from .bib files. If you use {\BibTeX} to produce a
+bibliography you must send either the .bbl file or the .bib files.
+If you use \texttt{biblatex}, please send the .bib file. The .bbl file
+generated by \texttt{biblatex} is not designed to be edited.
+
+{\LaTeX} can't read your mind. If you assign the same label to a
+subsubsection and a table, you might find that Table I has been cross
+referenced as Table IV-B3.
+
+{\LaTeX} does not have precognitive abilities. If you put a
+\verb|\label| command before the command that updates the counter it's
+supposed to be using, the label will pick up the last counter to be
+cross referenced instead. In particular, a \verb|\label| command
+should not go before the caption of a figure or a table.
+
+Do not use \verb|\nonumber| or \verb|\notag| inside the \verb|{array}| environment. It
+will not stop equation numbers inside \verb|{array}| (there won't be
+any anyway) and it might stop a wanted equation number in the
+surrounding equation.
+
+\section{UNITS}
+Use either SI (MKS) or CGS as primary units. (SI units are strongly 
+encouraged.) English units may be used as secondary units (in parentheses). 
+This applies to papers in data storage. For example, write ``15 Gb/cm$^{2}$ 
+(100 Gb/in$^{2})$.'' An exception is when English units are used as 
+identifiers in trade, such as ``3\textonehalf -in disk drive.'' Avoid 
+combining SI and CGS units, such as current in amperes and magnetic field in 
+oersteds. This often leads to confusion because equations do not balance 
+dimensionally. If you must use mixed units, clearly state the units for each 
+quantity in an equation.
+
+The SI unit for magnetic field strength $H$ is A/m. However, if you wish to use 
+units of T, either refer to magnetic flux density $B$ or magnetic field 
+strength symbolized as \textmu $_{0}H$. Use the center dot to separate 
+compound units, e.g., ``A\textbullet m$^{2}$.''
+
+\section{SOME COMMON MISTAKES}
+The word ``data'' is plural, not singular. The subscript for the 
+permeability of vacuum \textmu $_{0}$ is zero, not a lowercase letter ``o.'' 
+The term for residual magnetization is ``remanence''; the adjective is 
+``remanent''; do not write ``remnance'' or ``remnant.'' Use the word 
+``micrometer'' instead of ``micron.'' A graph within a graph is an 
+``inset,'' not an ``insert.'' The word ``alternatively'' is preferred to the 
+word ``alternately'' (unless you really mean something that alternates). Use 
+the word ``whereas'' instead of ``while'' (unless you are referring to 
+simultaneous events). Do not use the word ``essentially'' to mean 
+``approximately'' or ``effectively.'' Do not use the word ``issue'' as a 
+euphemism for ``problem.'' When compositions are not specified, separate 
+chemical symbols by en-dashes; for example, ``NiMn'' indicates the 
+intermetallic compound Ni$_{0.5}$Mn$_{0.5}$ whereas ``Ni--Mn'' indicates an 
+alloy of some composition Ni$_{x}$Mn$_{1-x}$.
+
+Be aware of the different meanings of the homophones ``affect'' (usually a 
+verb) and ``effect'' (usually a noun), ``complement'' and ``compliment,'' 
+``discreet'' and ``discrete,'' 
+``principal'' (e.g., ``principal investigator'') and ``principle'' 
+(e.g., ``principle of measurement''). Do not confuse ``imply'' and 
+``infer.'' 
+
+Prefixes such as ``non,'' ``sub,'' ``micro,'' ``multi,'' and ``ultra'' are 
+not independent words; they should be joined to the words they modify, 
+usually without a hyphen. There is no period after the ``et'' in the Latin 
+abbreviation ``\textit{et al.}'' (it is also italicized). The abbreviation ``i.e.,'' means 
+``that is,'' and the abbreviation ``e.g.,'' means ``for example'' (these 
+abbreviations are not italicized).
+
+A general IEEE styleguide is available at www.ieee.org/\break authortools.
+
+\section{GUIDELINES FOR GRAPHICS PREPARATION 
+AND SUBMISSION}
+\subsection{TYPES OF GRAPHICS}
+The following list outlines the different types of graphics published in 
+IEEE journals. They are categorized based on their construction, and use of 
+color / shades of gray:
+
+\subsubsection{Color/Grayscale Figures}
+Figures that are meant to appear in color, or shades of black/gray. Such 
+figures may include photographs, illustrations, multicolor graphs, and 
+flowcharts.
+
+\subsubsection{Line Art Figures}
+Figures that are composed of only black lines and shapes. These figures 
+should have no shades or half-tones of gray, only black and white.
+
+\subsubsection{Author Photos}
+Head and shoulders shots of authors that appear at the end of our papers. 
+
+\subsubsection{Tables}
+Data charts which are typically black and white, but sometimes include 
+color.
+
+\begin{table}
+\caption{Units for Magnetic Properties}
+\label{table}
+\setlength{\tabcolsep}{3pt}
+\begin{tabular}{|p{25pt}|p{75pt}|p{115pt}|}
+\hline
+Symbol& 
+Quantity& 
+Conversion from Gaussian and \par CGS EMU to SI $^{\mathrm{a}}$ \\
+\hline
+$\Phi $& 
+magnetic flux& 
+1 Mx $\to  10^{-8}$ Wb $= 10^{-8}$ V$\cdot $s \\
+$B$& 
+magnetic flux density, \par magnetic induction& 
+1 G $\to  10^{-4}$ T $= 10^{-4}$ Wb/m$^{2}$ \\
+$H$& 
+magnetic field strength& 
+1 Oe $\to  10^{3}/(4\pi )$ A/m \\
+$m$& 
+magnetic moment& 
+1 erg/G $=$ 1 emu \par $\to 10^{-3}$ A$\cdot $m$^{2} = 10^{-3}$ J/T \\
+$M$& 
+magnetization& 
+1 erg/(G$\cdot $cm$^{3}) =$ 1 emu/cm$^{3}$ \par $\to 10^{3}$ A/m \\
+4$\pi M$& 
+magnetization& 
+1 G $\to  10^{3}/(4\pi )$ A/m \\
+$\sigma $& 
+specific magnetization& 
+1 erg/(G$\cdot $g) $=$ 1 emu/g $\to $ 1 A$\cdot $m$^{2}$/kg \\
+$j$& 
+magnetic dipole \par moment& 
+1 erg/G $=$ 1 emu \par $\to 4\pi \times  10^{-10}$ Wb$\cdot $m \\
+$J$& 
+magnetic polarization& 
+1 erg/(G$\cdot $cm$^{3}) =$ 1 emu/cm$^{3}$ \par $\to 4\pi \times  10^{-4}$ T \\
+$\chi , \kappa $& 
+susceptibility& 
+1 $\to  4\pi $ \\
+$\chi_{\rho }$& 
+mass susceptibility& 
+1 cm$^{3}$/g $\to  4\pi \times  10^{-3}$ m$^{3}$/kg \\
+$\mu $& 
+permeability& 
+1 $\to  4\pi \times  10^{-7}$ H/m \par $= 4\pi \times  10^{-7}$ Wb/(A$\cdot $m) \\
+$\mu_{r}$& 
+relative permeability& 
+$\mu \to \mu_{r}$ \\
+$w, W$& 
+energy density& 
+1 erg/cm$^{3} \to  10^{-1}$ J/m$^{3}$ \\
+$N, D$& 
+demagnetizing factor& 
+1 $\to  1/(4\pi )$ \\
+\hline
+\multicolumn{3}{p{251pt}}{Vertical lines are optional in tables. Statements that serve as captions for 
+the entire table do not need footnote letters. }\\
+\multicolumn{3}{p{251pt}}{$^{\mathrm{a}}$Gaussian units are the same as cg emu for magnetostatics; Mx 
+$=$ maxwell, G $=$ gauss, Oe $=$ oersted; Wb $=$ weber, V $=$ volt, s $=$ 
+second, T $=$ tesla, m $=$ meter, A $=$ ampere, J $=$ joule, kg $=$ 
+kilogram, H $=$ henry.}
+\end{tabular}
+\label{tab1}
+\end{table}
+
+\begin{figure}
+\centerline{\includegraphics[width=3.5in]{fig1}}
+\caption{Magnetization as a function of applied field. Note that ``Fig.'' 
+is abbreviated. There is a period after the figure number, followed by two 
+spaces. It is good practice to explain the significance of the figure in the 
+caption.\label{fig1}}
+\end{figure}
+
+\subsection{MULTIPART FIGURES}
+Figures compiled of more than one sub-figure presented side-by-side, or 
+stacked. If a multipart figure is made up of multiple figure types (one part 
+is lineart, and another is grayscale or color) the figure should meet the 
+stricter guidelines.
+
+\subsection{FILE FORMATS FOR GRAPHICS}
+Format and save your graphics using a suitable graphics processing program 
+that will allow you to create the images as PostScript (PS), Encapsulated 
+PostScript (.EPS), Tagged Image File Format (.TIFF), Portable Document 
+Format (.PDF), or Portable Network Graphics (.PNG) sizes them, and adjusts 
+the resolution settings. If you created your source files in one of the 
+following programs you will be able to submit the graphics without 
+converting to a PS, EPS, TIFF, PDF, or PNG file: Microsoft Word, Microsoft 
+PowerPoint, or Microsoft Excel. Though it is not required, it is strongly 
+recommended that these files be saved in PDF format rather than DOC, XLS, or 
+PPT. Doing so will protect your figures from common font and arrow stroke 
+issues that occur when working on the files across multiple platforms. When 
+submitting your final paper, your graphics should all be submitted 
+individually in one of these formats along with the manuscript.
+
+\subsection{SIZING OF GRAPHICS}
+Most charts, graphs, and tables are one column wide (3.5 inches / 88 
+millimeters / 21 picas) or page wide (7.16 inches / 181 millimeters / 43 
+picas). The maximum depth a graphic can be is 8.5 inches (216 millimeters / 
+54 picas). When choosing the depth of a graphic, please allow space for a 
+caption. Figures can be sized between column and page widths if the author 
+chooses, however it is recommended that figures are not sized less than 
+column width unless when necessary.
+
+There is currently one publication with column measurements that do not 
+coincide with those listed above. Proceedings of the IEEE has a column 
+measurement of 3.25 inches (82.5 millimeters / 19.5 picas). 
+
+The final printed size of author photographs is exactly 
+1 inch wide by 1.25 inches tall (25.4 millimeters x 31.75 millimeters / 6 
+picas x 7.5 picas). Author photos printed in editorials measure 1.59 inches 
+wide by 2 inches tall (40 millimeters x 50 millimeters / 9.5 picas x 12 
+picas).
+
+\subsection{RESOLUTION}
+The proper resolution of your figures will depend on the type of figure it 
+is as defined in the ``Types of Figures'' section. Author photographs, 
+color, and grayscale figures should be at least 300dpi. Line art, including 
+tables should be a minimum of 600dpi.
+
+\subsection{VECTOR ART}
+In order to preserve the figures' integrity across multiple computer 
+platforms, we accept files in the following formats: .EPS/.PDF/.PS. All 
+fonts must be embedded or text converted to outlines in order to achieve the 
+best-quality results.
+
+\subsection{COLOR SPACE}
+The term color space refers to the entire sum of colors that can be 
+represented within the said medium. For our purposes, the three main color 
+spaces are Grayscale, RGB (red/green/blue) and CMYK 
+(cyan/magenta/yellow/black). RGB is generally used with on-screen graphics, 
+whereas CMYK is used for printing purposes.
+
+All color figures should be generated in RGB or CMYK color space. Grayscale 
+images should be submitted in Grayscale color space. Line art may be 
+provided in grayscale OR bitmap colorspace. Note that ``bitmap colorspace'' 
+and ``bitmap file format'' are not the same thing. When bitmap color space 
+is selected, .TIF/.TIFF/.PNG are the recommended file formats.
+
+\subsection{ACCEPTED FONTS WITHIN FIGURES}
+When preparing your graphics IEEE suggests that you use of one of the 
+following Open Type fonts: Times New Roman, Helvetica, Arial, Cambria, and 
+Symbol. If you are supplying EPS, PS, or PDF files all fonts must be 
+embedded. Some fonts may only be native to your operating system; without 
+the fonts embedded, parts of the graphic may be distorted or missing.
+
+A safe option when finalizing your figures is to strip out the fonts before 
+you save the files, creating ``outline'' type. This converts fonts to 
+artwork what will appear uniformly on any screen.
+
+\subsection{USING LABELS WITHIN FIGURES}
+\subsubsection{Figure Axis Labels}
+Figure axis labels are often a source of confusion. Use words rather than 
+symbols. As an example, write the quantity ``Magnetization,'' or 
+``Magnetization $M$,'' not just ``$M$.'' Put units in parentheses. Do not label 
+axes only with units. As in Fig. 1, for example, write ``Magnetization 
+(A/m)'' or ``Magnetization (A$\cdot $m$^{-1})$,'' not just ``A/m.'' Do not 
+label axes with a ratio of quantities and units. For example, write 
+``Temperature (K),'' not ``Temperature/K.'' 
+
+Multipliers can be especially confusing. Write ``Magnetization (kA/m)'' or 
+``Magnetization (10$^{3}$ A/m).'' Do not write ``Magnetization (A/m) 
+\texttimes 1000'' because the reader would not know whether the top axis 
+label in Fig. 1 meant 16000 A/m or 0.016 A/m. Figure labels should be 
+legible, approximately 8 to 10 point type.
+
+\subsubsection{Subfigure Labels in Multipart Figures and Tables}
+Multipart figures should be combined and labeled before final submission. 
+Labels should appear centered below each subfigure in 8 point Times New 
+Roman font in the format of (a) (b) (c). 
+
+\subsection{FILE NAMING}
+Figures (line artwork or photographs) should be named starting with the 
+first 5 letters of the author's last name. The next characters in the 
+filename should be the number that represents the sequential location of 
+this image in your article. For example, in author ``Anderson's'' paper, the 
+first three figures would be named ander1.tif, ander2.tif, and ander3.ps.
+
+Tables should contain only the body of the table (not the caption) and 
+should be named similarly to figures, except that `.t' is inserted 
+in-between the author's name and the table number. For example, author 
+Anderson's first three tables would be named ander.t1.tif, ander.t2.ps, 
+ander.t3.eps.
+
+Author photographs should be named using the first five characters of the 
+pictured author's last name. For example, four author photographs for a 
+paper may be named: oppen.ps, moshc.tif, chen.eps, and duran.pdf.
+
+If two authors or more have the same last name, their first initial(s) can 
+be substituted for the fifth, fourth, third\textellipsis letters of their surname 
+until the degree where there is differentiation. For example, two authors 
+Michael and Monica Oppenheimer's photos would be named oppmi.tif, and 
+oppmo.eps.
+
+\subsection{REFERENCING A FIGURE OR TABLE WITHIN YOUR PAPER}
+When referencing your figures and tables within your paper, use the 
+abbreviation ``Fig.'' even at the beginning of a sentence. Do not abbreviate 
+``Table.'' Tables should be numbered with Roman Numerals.
+
+\subsection{CHECKING YOUR FIGURES: THE IEEE GRAPHICS ANALYZER}
+The IEEE Graphics Analyzer enables authors to pre-screen their graphics for 
+compliance with IEEE Open Journals standards before submission. The online 
+tool, located at \underline {http://graphicsqc.ieee.org/}, allows authors to 
+upload their graphics in order to check that each file is the correct file 
+format, resolution, size and colorspace; that no fonts are missing or 
+corrupt; that figures are not compiled in layers or have transparency, and 
+that they are named according to the IEEE Open Journals naming convention. 
+At the end of this automated process, authors are provided with a detailed 
+report on each graphic within the web applet, as well as by email.
+
+For more information on using the Graphics Analyzer 
+or any other graphics related topic, contact the IEEE Graphics Help Desk by 
+e-mail at \underline {graphics@ieee.org}.
+
+\subsection{SUBMITTING YOUR GRAPHICS}
+Because IEEE will do the final formatting of your paper, 
+you do not need to position figures and tables at the top and bottom of each 
+column. In fact, all figures, figure captions, and tables can be placed at 
+the end of your paper. In addition to, or even in lieu of submitting figures 
+within your final manuscript, figures should be submitted individually, 
+separate from the manuscript in one of the file formats listed above in 
+section VI-J. Place figure captions below the figures; place table titles 
+above the tables. Please do not include captions as part of the figures, or 
+put them in ``text boxes'' linked to the figures. Also, do not place borders 
+around the outside of your figures.
+
+\subsection{COLOR PROCESSING / PRINTING IN IEEE JOURNALS}
+All IEEE Transactions, Journals, and Letters allow an author to publish 
+color figures on IEEE \textit{Xplore}{\textregistered} at no charge, and automatically 
+convert them to grayscale for print versions. In most journals, figures and 
+tables may alternatively be printed in color if an author chooses to do so. 
+Please note that this service comes at an extra expense to the author. If 
+you intend to have print color graphics, include a note with your final 
+paper indicating which figures or tables you would like to be handled that 
+way, and stating that you are willing to pay the additional fee.
+
+\section{CONCLUSION}
+A conclusion section is not required. Although a conclusion may review the 
+main points of the paper, do not replicate the abstract as the conclusion. A 
+conclusion might elaborate on the importance of the work or suggest 
+applications and extensions.
+
+\section*{APPENDIX}
+Appendixes, if needed, appear before the acknowledgment.
+
+\section*{ACKNOWLEDGMENT}
+The preferred spelling of the word ``acknowledgment'' in American English is 
+without an ``e'' after the ``g.'' Use the singular heading even if you have 
+many acknowledgments. Avoid expressions such as ``One of us (S.B.A.) would 
+like to thank \textellipsis .'' Instead, write ``F. A. Author thanks \textellipsis .'' In most 
+cases, sponsor and financial support acknowledgments are placed in the 
+unnumbered footnote on the first page, not here.
+
+\section*{REFERENCES AND FOOTNOTES}
+\subsection{REFERENCES}
+References need not be cited in text. When they are, they appear on the 
+line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation. Multiple references are 
+each numbered with separate brackets. When citing a section in a book, 
+please give the relevant page numbers. In text, refer simply to the 
+reference number. Do not use ``Ref.'' or ``reference'' except at the 
+beginning of a sentence: ``Reference [3] shows \textellipsis .'' Please do not use 
+automatic endnotes in \textit{Word}, rather, type the reference list at the end of the 
+paper using the ``References'' style.
+
+Reference numbers are set flush left and form a column of their own, hanging 
+out beyond the body of the reference. The reference numbers are on the line, 
+enclosed in square brackets. In all references, the given name of the author 
+or editor is abbreviated to the initial only and precedes the last name. Use 
+them all; use \textit{et al}. only if names are not given. Use commas around Jr., Sr., and 
+III in names. Abbreviate conference titles. When citing IEEE transactions, 
+provide the issue number, page range, volume number, year, and/or month if 
+available. When referencing a patent, provide the day and the month of 
+issue, or application. References may not include all information; please 
+obtain and include relevant information. Do not combine references. There 
+must be only one reference with each number. If there is a URL included with 
+the print reference, it can be included at the end of the reference. 
+
+Other than books, capitalize only the first word in a paper title, except 
+for proper nouns and element symbols. For papers published in translation 
+journals, please give the English citation first, followed by the original 
+foreign-language citation See the end of this document for formats and 
+examples of common references. For a complete discussion of references and 
+their formats, see the IEEE style manual at www.ieee.org/authortools.
+
+
+\subsection{FOOTNOTES}
+Number footnotes separately in superscripts (Insert\textbar 
+Footnote).\footnote{It is recommended that footnotes be avoided (except for 
+the unnumbered footnote with the receipt date on the first page). Instead, 
+try to integrate the footnote information into the text.} Place the actual 
+footnote at the bottom of the column in which it is cited; do not put 
+footnotes in the reference list (endnotes). Use letters for table footnotes 
+(see Table I). 
+
+\section{SUBMITTING YOUR PAPER FOR REVIEW}
+
+\subsection{FINAL Stage}
+When you submit your final version (after your paper has been accepted), 
+print it in two-column format, including figures and tables. You must also 
+send your final manuscript on a disk, via e-mail, or through a Web 
+manuscript submission system as directed by the society contact. You may use 
+\textit{Zip} for large files, or compress files using \textit{Compress, Pkzip, Stuffit,} or \textit{Gzip.} 
+
+Also, send a sheet of paper or PDF with complete contact information for all 
+authors. Include full mailing addresses, telephone numbers, fax numbers, and 
+e-mail addresses. This information will be used to send each author a 
+complimentary copy of the journal in which the paper appears. In addition, 
+designate one author as the ``corresponding author.'' This is the author to 
+whom proofs of the paper will be sent. Proofs are sent to the corresponding 
+author only.
+
+\subsection{REVIEW STAGE USING SCHOLARONE{\textregistered} MANUSCRIPTS}
+Contributions to the Transactions, Journals, and Letters may be submitted 
+electronically on IEEE's on-line manuscript submission and peer-review 
+system, ScholarOne{\textregistered} Manuscripts. You can get a 
+listing of the publications that participate in ScholarOne at 
+http://www.ieee.org/\discretionary{}{}{}publications\textunderscore 
+standards/publications/authors/authors\textunderscore\break submission.html First 
+check if you have an existing account. If there is none, please create a new 
+account. After logging in, go to your Author Center and click ``Submit First 
+Draft of a New Manuscript.'' 
+
+Along with other information, you will be asked to select the subject from a 
+pull-down list. Depending on the journal, there are various steps to the 
+submission process; you must complete all steps for a complete submission. 
+At the end of each step you must click ``Save and Continue''; just uploading 
+the paper is not sufficient. After the last step, you should see a 
+confirmation that the submission is complete. You should also receive an 
+e-mail confirmation. For inquiries regarding the submission of your paper on 
+ScholarOne Manuscripts, please contact oprs-support@ieee.org or call +1 
+732 465 5861.
+
+ScholarOne Manuscripts will accept files for review in various formats. 
+Please check the guidelines of the specific journal for which you plan to 
+submit. 
+
+You will be asked to file an electronic copyright form immediately upon 
+completing the submission process (authors are responsible for obtaining any 
+security clearances). Failure to submit the electronic copyright could 
+result in publishing delays later. You will also have the opportunity to 
+designate your article as ``open access'' if you agree to pay the IEEE open 
+access fee. 
+
+\subsection{FINAL STAGE USING SCHOLARONE MANUSCRIPTS}
+Upon acceptance, you will receive an email with specific instructions 
+regarding the submission of your final files. To avoid any delays in 
+publication, please be sure to follow these instructions. Most journals 
+require that final submissions be uploaded through ScholarOne Manuscripts, 
+although some may still accept final submissions via email. Final 
+submissions should include source files of your accepted manuscript, high 
+quality graphic files, and a formatted pdf file. If you have any questions 
+regarding the final submission process, please contact the administrative 
+contact for the journal. 
+
+In addition to this, upload a file with complete contact information for all 
+authors. Include full mailing addresses, telephone numbers, fax numbers, and 
+e-mail addresses. Designate the author who submitted the manuscript on 
+ScholarOne Manuscripts as the ``corresponding author.'' This is the only 
+author to whom proofs of the paper will be sent. 
+
+\subsection{COPYRIGHT FORM}
+Authors must submit an electronic IEEE Copyright Form (eCF) upon submitting 
+their final manuscript files. You can access the eCF system through your 
+manuscript submission system or through the Author Gateway. You are 
+responsible for obtaining any necessary approvals and/or security 
+clearances. For additional information on intellectual property rights, 
+visit the IEEE Intellectual Property Rights department web page at 
+http://www.ieee.org/publications\textunderscore\discretionary{}{}{}standards/publications/rights/index.html. 
+
+\section{IEEE PUBLISHING POLICY}
+The general IEEE policy requires that authors should only submit original 
+work that has neither appeared elsewhere for publication, nor is under 
+review for another refereed publication. The submitting author must disclose 
+all prior publication(s) and current submissions when submitting a 
+manuscript. Do not publish ``preliminary'' data or results. The submitting 
+author is responsible for obtaining agreement of all coauthors and any 
+consent required from employers or sponsors before submitting an article. 
+The IEEE Open Journals Department strongly discourages courtesy authorship; 
+it is the obligation of the authors to cite only relevant prior work.
+
+The IEEE Open Journals Department does not publish conference records or 
+proceedings, but can publish articles related to conferences that have 
+undergone rigorous peer review. Minimally, two reviews are required for 
+every article submitted for peer review.
+
+\section{PUBLICATION PRINCIPLES}
+The two types of contents of that are published are; 1) peer-reviewed and 2) 
+archival. The Transactions and Journals Department publishes scholarly 
+articles of archival value as well as tutorial expositions and critical 
+reviews of classical subjects and topics of current interest. 
+
+Authors should consider the following points:
+
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item Technical papers submitted for publication must advance the state of knowledge and must cite relevant prior work. 
+\item The length of a submitted paper should be commensurate with the importance, or appropriate to the complexity, of the work. For example, an obvious extension of previously published work might not be appropriate for publication or might be adequately treated in just a few pages.
+\item Authors must convince both peer reviewers and the editors of the scientific and technical merit of a paper; the standards of proof are higher when extraordinary or unexpected results are reported. 
+\item Because replication is required for scientific progress, papers submitted for publication must provide sufficient information to allow readers to perform similar experiments or calculations and use the reported results. Although not everything need be disclosed, a paper must contain new, useable, and fully described information. For example, a specimen's chemical composition need not be reported if the main purpose of a paper is to introduce a new measurement technique. Authors should expect to be challenged by reviewers if the results are not supported by adequate data and critical details.
+\item Papers that describe ongoing work or announce the latest technical achievement, which are suitable for presentation at a professional conference, may not be appropriate for publication.
+\end{enumerate}
+
+\section*{REFERENCES}
+
+\def\refname{\vadjust{\vspace*{-1em}}} %Please don't do this in a real paper.
+
+\subsubsection*{Basic format for books:}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{00}
+\bibitem{b1} J. K. Author, ``Title of chapter in the book,'' in \textit{Title of His Published Book, x}th ed. City of Publisher,
+(only U.S. State), Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, year, ch. x, sec. x, pp.
+\textit{xxx--xxx.}
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\subsubsection*{Examples:}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{00}
+\bibitem{b2} G. O. Young, ``Synthetic structure of industrial
+plastics,'' in \emph{Plastics}, 2nd ed., vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15--64.
+\bibitem{b3} W.-K. Chen, \emph{Linear Networks and Systems}. Belmont, CA, USA: Wadsworth, 1993, pp. 123--135.
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\subsubsection*{Basic format for periodicals:}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{00}
+\bibitem{b4} J. K. Author, ``Name of paper,'' \textit{Abbrev. Title of Periodical}, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbrev. Month, year, DOI.
+10.1109.\textit{XXX}.123456.
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\subsubsection*{Examples:}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{00}
+\bibitem{b5} J. U. Duncombe, ``Infrared navigation---Part I: An
+assessment of feasibility,'' \emph{IEEE Trans. Electron Devices}, vol. ED-11, no. 1, pp. 34--39, Jan. 1959, 10.1109/TED.2016.2628402.
+\bibitem{b6} E. P. Wigner, ``Theory of traveling-wave optical laser,'' 
+\emph{Phys. Rev.}, vol. 134, pp. A635--A646, Dec. 1965.
+\bibitem{b7} E. H. Miller, ``A note on reflector arrays,'' \emph{IEEE
+Trans. Antennas Propagat.}, to be published.
+\bibitem{b8} H. Qin, Y. Cui, Z. Wu, Q. Chen and D. Xing, "Real-Time
+Thermoacoustic Imaging-Guidance for Breast Tumor Resection," \emph{IEEE Photonics Journal}, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 1--7, June 2020, Art no. 3700207.
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\subsubsection*{Basic format for reports:}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{00}
+\bibitem{b9} J. K. Author, ``Title of report,'' Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co., Abbrev.
+State, Country, Rep. {xxx}, year.
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\subsubsection*{Examples:}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{00}
+\bibitem{b10} E. E. Reber, R. L. Michell, and C. J. Carter, ``Oxygen absorption in the earth's atmosphere,'' Aerospace Corp., Los Angeles, CA, USA, Tech. Rep. TR-0200 (4230-46)-3, Nov. 1988.
+\bibitem{b11} J. H. Davis and J. R. Cogdell, ``Calibration program for the 16-foot antenna,'' Elect. Eng. Res. Lab., Univ. Texas, Austin, TX, USA, Tech. Memo. NGL-006-69-3, Nov. 15, 1987.
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\subsubsection*{Basic format for handbooks:}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{00}
+\bibitem{b12} \textit{Name of Manual/Handbook}, x ed., Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co., Abbrev. State, Country, year, pp.
+\textit{xxx-xxx.}
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\subsubsection*{Examples:}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{00}
+\bibitem{b13} \textit{Transmission Systems for Communications}, 3rd ed., Western Electric Co., Winston-Salem, NC, USA, 1985, pp. 44--60.
+\bibitem{b14} \textit{Motorola Semiconductor Data Manual}, Motorola Semiconductor Products Inc., Phoenix, AZ, USA, 1989.
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\subsubsection*{Basic format for books (when available online): }
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{00}
+\bibitem{b15} J. K. Author, ``Title of chapter in the book,'' in \textit{Title of Published Book}, xth ed. City of
+Publisher, State, Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, year, ch. x, sec. x, pp.
+\textit{xxx--xxx}. [Online]. Available: \underline {http://www.web.com}. Accessed on: Month
+Day, Year.
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\subsubsection*{Examples:}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{00}
+\bibitem{b16} G. O. Young, ``Synthetic structure of industrial
+plastics,'' in \emph{Plastics}, vol. 3, Polymers of Hexadromicon, J.
+Peters, Ed., 2nd ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15--64.
+[Online]. Available: \underline{http://www.bookref.com}. Accessed on: April 25, 2020.
+\bibitem{b17} \textit{The Founders' Constitution}, Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., Chicago, IL, USA: Univ. Chicago Press, 1987. [Online]. Available: \underline {http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/}. Accessed on: April 25, 2020.
+\bibitem{b18} \emph{The Terahertz Wave eBook}. ZOmega Terahertz
+Corp., 2014. [Online]. Available: \underline{http://dl.z-thz.com/eBook/zomega\_ebook\_pdf\_1206\_sr.pdf}. Accessed on: May 19, 2014.
+\bibitem{b19} Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., \textit{The
+Founders' Constitution. }Chicago, IL, USA: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987, [Online] Available: \emph{http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/}. Accessed on: Feb. 28, 2010.
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\subsubsection*{Basic format for conference proceedings (published):}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{00}
+\bibitem{b20} J. K. Author, ``Title of paper,'' in \textit{Abbreviated Name of Conf.}, City of Conf., Abbrev. State (if
+given), Country, year, pp. \textit{xxxxxx.}
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\subsubsection*{Example:}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{00}
+\bibitem{b21} D. B. Payne and J. R. Stern, ``Wavelength-switched
+passively coupled single-mode optical network,'' in \textit{Proc. IOOC-ECOC, }Boston, MA, USA, 1985,~pp.~585--590.
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\subsubsection*{Basic format for papers presented at conferences when available online: }
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{00}
+\bibitem{b22} J.K. Author. (year, month). Title. presented at abbrev. conference title.
+[Type of Medium]. Available: \underline{site/path/file}. Accessed on: Month Day, Year.
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\subsubsection*{Example:}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{00}
+\bibitem{b23} PROCESS Corporation, Boston, MA, USA. Intranets: Internet technologies deployed behind the firewall for corporate productivity. Presented at INET96 Annual Meeting. [Online]. Available: \underline {http://home.process.com/Intranets/wp2.htp}. Accessed on: April 25, 2020.
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\subsubsection*{Basic format for reports and handbooks (when available online): }
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{00}
+\bibitem{b24} J. K. Author. ``Title of report,'' Company. City, State, Country. Rep. no.,
+(optional: vol./issue), Date. [Online] Available:
+\underline{site/path/file}. Accessed
+on: Month Day, Year.
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\subsubsection*{Examples:}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{00}
+\bibitem{b25} R. J. Hijmans and J. van Etten, ``Raster: Geographic analysis and modeling with raster data,'' R Package Version 2.0-12, Jan. 12, 2012. [Online]. Available: \underline {http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=raster}. Accessed on: April 25, 2020.
+\bibitem{b26} Teralyzer. Lytera UG, Kirchhain, Germany [Online]. Available: \emph{http://www.lytera.de/Terahertz\_THz\_Spectroscopy.php?id=home}, Accessed on: Jun. 5, 2014
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\subsubsection*{Basic format for computer programs and electronic documents (when available online): }
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{00}
+\bibitem{b27} Legislative body. Number of Congress, Session. (year, month day). \textit{Number of bill or resolution}, \textit{Title}. [Type
+of medium]. Available: \underline{site/path/file}
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+{\bfseries\itshape NOTE:} ISO recommends that capitalization follow the
+accepted practice for the language or script in which the information is
+given.
+
+\subsubsection*{Example:}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{00}
+\bibitem{b28} U.S. House. 102nd Congress, 1st Session. (1991, Jan. 11). \textit{H. Con. Res. 1, Sense of the Congress on Approval of Military Action}. [Online]. Available: LEXIS Library: GENFED File: BILLS
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\subsubsection*{Basic format for patents (when available online):}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{00}
+\bibitem{b29} Name of the invention, by inventor's name. (year, month day). Patent Number [Type
+of medium]. Available: \underline{site/path/file}
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\subsubsection*{Example:}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{00}
+\bibitem{b30} Musical toothbrush with mirror, by L.M.R. Brooks. (1992, May 19). Patent D 326 189 [Online]. Available: NEXIS Library: LEXPAT File: DES
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\subsubsection*{Example for papers presented at conferences (unpublished):}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{00}
+\bibitem{b31} D. Ebehard and E. Voges, ``Digital single sideband
+detection for interferometric sensors,'' presented at the \textit{2nd Int. Conf. Optical Fiber Sensors,} Stuttgart, Germany, Jan. 2--5, 1984.
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\subsubsection*{Basic format for patents:}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{00}
+\bibitem{b32} J. K. Author, ``Title of patent,'' U.S. Patent {x xxx xxx}, Abbrev. Month, day, year.
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\subsubsection*{Example:}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{00}
+\bibitem{b33} G. Brandli and M. Dick, ``Alternating current fed power supply,'' U.S. Patent 4 084 217, Nov. 4, 1978.
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\subsubsection*{Basic format for theses (M.S.) and dissertations (Ph.D.):}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{00}
+\bibitem{b34} J. K. Author, ``Title of thesis,'' M.S. thesis, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev.
+Univ., City of Univ., Abbrev. State, year. p. nnn.
+\bibitem{b35} J. K. Author, ``Title of dissertation,'' Ph.D. dissertation, Abbrev.
+Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., Abbrev. State, year. p. nnn.
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\subsubsection*{Examples:}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{00}
+\bibitem{b36} J. O. Williams, ``Narrow-band analyzer,'' Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, USA, 1993. p. 50.
+\bibitem{b37} N. Kawasaki, ``Parametric study of thermal and chemical nonequilibrium nozzle flow,'' M.S. thesis, Dept. Electron. Eng., Osaka Univ., Osaka, Japan, 1993. p. 30.
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\subsubsection*{Basic format for the most common types of unpublished references:}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{00}
+\bibitem{b38} J. K. Author, private communication, Abbrev. Month, year.
+\bibitem{b39} J. K. Author, ``Title of paper,'' unpublished.
+\bibitem{b40} J. K. Author, ``Title of paper,'' to be published.
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\subsubsection*{Examples:}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{00}
+\bibitem{b41} A. Harrison, private communication, May 1995.
+\bibitem{b42} B. Smith, ``An approach to graphs of linear forms,'' unpublished.
+\bibitem{b43} A. Brahms, ``Representation error for real numbers in binary computer arithmetic,'' IEEE Computer Group Repository, Paper R-67-85.
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\subsubsection*{Basic formats for standards:}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{00}
+\bibitem{b44} \textit{Title of Standard}, Standard number, date.
+\bibitem{b45} \textit{Title of Standard}, Standard number, Corporate author, location, date.
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\subsubsection*{Examples:}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{00}
+\bibitem{b46} \emph{IEEE Criteria for Class IE Electric Systems}, IEEE Standard 308, 1969.
+\bibitem{b47} \emph{Letter Symbols for Quantities}, ANSI Standard Y10.5-1968.
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\subsubsection*{Article number in~reference examples:}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{00}
+\bibitem{b48} R. Fardel, M. Nagel, F. Nuesch, T. Lippert, and A. Wokaun, ``Fabrication of organic light emitting diode pixels by laser-assisted forward transfer,'' \textit{Appl. Phys. Lett.}, vol. 91, no. 6, Aug. 2007, Art. no. 061103.
+\bibitem{b49} J. Zhang and N. Tansu, ``Optical gain and laser characteristics of InGaN quantum wells on ternary InGaN substrates,'' \textit{IEEE Photon. J.}, vol. 5, no. 2, Apr. 2013, Art. no. 2600111
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\subsubsection*{Example when using et al.:}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{00}
+\bibitem{b50} S. Azodolmolky, Jordi Perell\'{o}, Marianna Angelou, Fernando Agraz, Luis Velasco, Salvatore Spadaro,~\textit{et al.}, Experimental demonstration of an impairment aware network planning and operation tool for transparent/translucent optical networks,''~\textit{J. Lightwave. Technol.}, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 439--448, Sep. 2011.
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\begin{IEEEbiography}[{\includegraphics[width=1in,height=1.25in,clip,keepaspectratio]{a1.png}}]{FIRST
+A. AUTHOR } (Fellow, IEEE) and all authors may include 
+biographies. Biographies are often not included in conference-related
+papers. This author became a Member (M) of IEEE in 1976, a Senior
+Member (SM) in 1981, and a Fellow (F) in 1987. The first paragraph may
+contain a place and/or date of birth (list place, then date). Next,
+the author's educational background is listed. The degrees should be
+listed with type of degree in what field, which institution, city,
+state, and country, and year the degree was earned. The author's major
+field of study should be lower-cased. 
+
+The second paragraph uses the pronoun of the person (he or she) and not the 
+author's last name. It lists military and work experience, including summer 
+and fellowship jobs. Job titles are capitalized. The current job must have a 
+location; previous positions may be listed 
+without one. Information concerning previous publications may be included. 
+Try not to list more than three books or published articles. The format for 
+listing publishers of a book within the biography is: title of book 
+(publisher name, year) similar to a reference. Current and previous research 
+interests end the paragraph. The third paragraph begins with the author's 
+title and last name (e.g., Dr.\ Smith, Prof.\ Jones, Mr.\ Kajor, Ms.\ Hunter). 
+List any memberships in professional societies other than the IEEE. Finally, 
+list any awards and work for IEEE committees and publications. If a 
+photograph is provided, it should be of good quality, and 
+professional-looking. Following are two examples of an author's biography.
+\end{IEEEbiography}
+
+\begin{IEEEbiography}[{\includegraphics[width=1in,height=1.25in,clip,keepaspectratio]{a2.png}}]{SECOND
+B. AUTHOR } was born in Greenwich Village, New York, NY, USA in 
+1977. He received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in aerospace engineering from 
+the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, in 2001 and the Ph.D. degree in 
+mechanical engineering from Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, in 2008.
+
+From 2001 to 2004, he was a Research Assistant with the Princeton Plasma 
+Physics Laboratory. Since 2009, he has been an Assistant Professor with the 
+Mechanical Engineering Department, Texas A{\&}M University, College Station. 
+He is the author of three books, more than 150 articles, and more than 70 
+inventions. His research interests include high-pressure and high-density 
+nonthermal plasma discharge processes and applications, microscale plasma 
+discharges, discharges in liquids, spectroscopic diagnostics, plasma 
+propulsion, and innovation plasma applications. He is an Associate Editor of 
+the journal \emph{Earth, Moon, Planets}, and holds two patents. 
+
+Dr. Author was a recipient of the International Association of Geomagnetism 
+and Aeronomy Young Scientist Award for Excellence in 2008, and the IEEE 
+Electromagnetic Compatibility Society Best Symposium Paper Award in 2011. 
+\end{IEEEbiography}
+
+\begin{IEEEbiography}[{\includegraphics[width=1in,height=1.25in,clip,keepaspectratio]{a3.png}}]{THIRD
+C. AUTHOR,~JR. } (Member, IEEE) received the B.S. degree in mechanical 
+engineering from National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, in 2004 
+and the M.S. degree in mechanical engineering from National Tsing Hua 
+University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, in 2006. He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. 
+degree in mechanical engineering at Texas A{\&}M University, College 
+Station, TX, USA.
+
+From 2008 to 2009, he was a Research Assistant with the Institute of 
+Physics, Academia Sinica, Tapei, Taiwan. His research interest includes the 
+development of surface processing and biological/medical treatment 
+techniques using nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasmas, fundamental study 
+of plasma sources, and fabrication of micro- or nanostructured surfaces. 
+
+Mr. Author's awards and honors include the Frew Fellowship (Australian 
+Academy of Science), the I. I. Rabi Prize (APS), the European Frequency and 
+Time Forum Award, the Carl Zeiss Research Award, the William F. Meggers 
+Award and the Adolph Lomb Medal (OSA).
+\end{IEEEbiography}
+
+\end{document}

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