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OJ_Template/First Revise and Resubmit/Bibliography.bib
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@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ doi = {10.29007/2c1q}
doi={10.1109/IMIS.2014.29}
}
@inproceedings{Android_Piracy,
@inproceedings{AndroidPiracy,
author={Kumari, Neha and Chen, Min},
booktitle={2022 IEEE 5th International Conference on Multimedia Information Processing and Retrieval (MIPR)},
title={Malware and Piracy Detection in Android Applications},
@ -235,4 +235,5 @@ doi = {10.29007/2c1q}
volume={},
number={},
pages={306-311},
doi={10.1109/MIPR54900.2022.00061}}
doi={10.1109/MIPR54900.2022.00061}
}

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\bibdata{Bibliography}
\bibcite{phillips_graph-based_1998}{1}
\bibcite{schneier_modeling_1999}{2}
@ -97,7 +105,10 @@
\bibcite{louthan_hybrid_2011}{16}
\bibcite{cook_rage_2018}{17}
\bibcite{nichols_2018}{18}
\bibcite{DMCA}{19}
\bibcite{Piracy}{20}
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OJ_Template/First Revise and Resubmit/Schrick-Noah_AG-CG-SyncFire_Revised.bbl
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@ -92,4 +92,20 @@ W.~M. Nichols, {\em {Hybrid} {Attack} {Graphs} for {Use} with a {Simulation} of
a {Cyber-Physical} {System}}.
\newblock PhD thesis, The {University} of {Tulsa}, 2018.
\bibitem{DMCA}
``H.r.2281 - {Digital {Millennium} {Copyright} {Act}}.''
\newblock Pub. L. No. 105-304. 1998 [Online]. Available:
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-105publ304/html/PLAW-105publ304.htm.
\bibitem{Piracy}
Y.~Kim, J.~Moon, S.~J. Cho, M.~Park, and S.~Han, ``Efficient identification of
windows executable programs to prevent software piracy,'' in {\em 2014 Eighth
International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in
Ubiquitous Computing}, pp.~236--240, 2014.
\bibitem{AndroidPiracy}
N.~Kumari and M.~Chen, ``Malware and piracy detection in android
applications,'' in {\em 2022 IEEE 5th International Conference on Multimedia
Information Processing and Retrieval (MIPR)}, pp.~306--311, 2022.
\end{thebibliography}

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@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ Post-processing is one option at removing the unattainable states. This process
Instead, a new feature called synchronous firing can be used to prevent the generation of these states. The goal of the synchronous firing feature is to prevent the generation of unattainable states, while incurring no greater computational cost. Section \ref{sec:implementing} will discuss the development of this feature, and Section \ref{sec:Results} will examine the results when using this feature in applicable networks.
\section{Implementing Synchronous Firing} \label{sec:implementing}
Synchronous exploit firing aims to eliminate the generation of infeasible states during the generation process, rather than needing an additional post-processing step. Using Fig. \ref{fig:non-sync-ex} as an example, the goal of synchronous firing is to only generate the 3 valid, unshaded nodes, rather than generate all 16 nodes since 13 of the nodes represent an impossibility where two cars are progressing through time at different rates. Synchronous firing is accomplished through new grouping keywords in the input exploit file, which propagate through the modified attack and compliance graph engine, and prevent the firing of exploits if they are part of a group where all members are not yet available to fire.
Synchronous exploit firing aims to eliminate the generation of infeasible states during the generation process, rather than needing an additional post-processing step. Using Fig. \ref{fig:non-sync_ex} as an example, the goal of synchronous firing is to only generate the 3 valid, unshaded nodes, rather than generate all 16 nodes since 13 of the nodes represent an impossibility where two cars are progressing through time at different rates. Synchronous firing is accomplished through new grouping keywords in the input exploit file, which propagate through the modified attack and compliance graph engine, and prevent the firing of exploits if they are part of a group where all members are not yet available to fire.
For the implementation of the synchronous firing feature, there were four primary changes and additions that were required. The first is a change in the lexical analyzer, which handles the model and exploit input. Users indicate features that should fire simultaneously in these input files, and the lexical analyzer is responsible for parsing and passing that information to the graph generator. The second involves multiple changes to PostgreSQL to support the storage of group features and information. The third is the implementation of compound operators in RAGE, since enumeration of all exploits may not be possible, especially when modeling a system over time. The fourth is a change in the graph generation process, which checks to see if all exploits in a group are able to fire simultaneously before firing. The subsections in this Section describe these four alterations in greater detail.
\subsection{GNU Bison and Flex}
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\end{itemize}
\subsubsection{DMCA Takedown}
A second example of synchronous firing is illustrated through a DMCA Takedown for a fictitious organization \cite{DMCA}. In this example, a DMCA Takedown is issued to an organization after a group of employees were found to be engaging in online piracy with torrenting software on company devices and while using company resources. Detection and removal of illicit data, such as through means presented by the authors of \cite{Piracy} for Windows or \cite{Android_Piracy} for company-supplied Android mobile devices, can be incorporated into and represented by a compliance graph.
A second example of synchronous firing is illustrated through a DMCA Takedown for a fictitious organization \cite{DMCA}. In this example, a DMCA Takedown is issued to an organization after a group of employees were found to be engaging in online piracy with torrenting software on company devices and while using company resources. Detection and removal of illicit data, such as through means presented by the authors of \cite{Piracy} for Windows or \cite{AndroidPiracy} for company-supplied Android mobile devices, can be incorporated into and represented by a compliance graph.
For this example, various graphs are generated based on the permutations of employees present. In one graph, only Employee A is present in the network. In another graph, Employees B and C are present in the network. All permutations are tested and are show in \ref{sec:dmca_res}. The graph generation process walks through as a system administrator removes the torrenting software and the illicit data from the company devices. Typically when removing torrenting software, the data associated with the torrenting program can be removed at the same time as the uninstall automatically; an administrator does not need to remove the torrenting program and then separately remove the data. Without the use of synchronous firing, attack and compliance graphs must individually remove all data and all programs individually. This example highlights the capability of synchronous firing by grouping the removal of software and data together through ``uninstall" groups, as opposed to traditional attack and compliance graphs requiring multiple steps to remove the software and data.
@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ The compliance checks are as follows:
\subsection{Results and Analysis}
\subsubsection{Results for the Theoretical Automobile Environment} \label{sec:theo_res}
Using the experimental setup described in Section \ref{sec:test-platform} on the platform described at the beginning of Section \ref{sec:test-platform}, results were collected in regards to the effect of synchronous firing on both state space and runtime. The graphs' edge to state ratio (E/S Ratio) was computed as well. The inclusion of this ratio allows for a comparison to be drawn regarding the usage of the synchronous firing feature. Examining this ratio can provide additional insight on how the graph's underlying topological structures change when using or not using synchronous firing. The results can be seen in Figures \ref{fig:Sync-RT} and \ref{fig:Sync-State}. The respective tables are seen in Tables \ref{table:NS-Table} and \ref{table:S-Table}. Both figures show a decrease in the number of states and a decrease in the runtime when synchronous firing is utilized. Since synchronous firing prevents the generation of unattainable states, there is no meaningful information loss that occurs in the graphs generated with the synchronous firing feature. Since the resulting number of states was also reduced, there will be increased justification for the synchronous firing approach due to a reduced runtime for the analysis process. Fig. \ref{fig:Sync-Spd} displays the speedup (according to Amdahl's Law) obtained when using synchronous firing instead of non-synchronous firing for identical setups.
Using the experimental setup described in Section \ref{sec:test-platform} on the platform described at the beginning of Section \ref{sec:test-platform}, results were collected in regards to the effect of synchronous firing on both state space and runtime. The graphs' edge to state ratio (E/S Ratio) was computed as well. The inclusion of this ratio allows for a comparison to be drawn regarding the usage of the synchronous firing feature. Examining this ratio can provide additional insight on how the graph's underlying topological structures change when using or not using synchronous firing. The results can be seen in Figures \ref{fig:Sync-RT} and \ref{fig:Sync-State}. The respective tables are seen in Tables \ref{table:NS-Table} and \ref{table:S-Table}. Both figures show a decrease in the number of states and a decrease in the runtime when synchronous firing is utilized. Since synchronous firing prevents the generation of unattainable states, there is no meaningful information loss that occurs in the graphs generated with the synchronous firing feature. Since the resulting number of states was also reduced, there will be increased justification for the synchronous firing approach due to a reduced runtime for the analysis process. Fig. \ref{fig:Sync-Spd} displays the speedup (according to Amdahl's Law) obtained when using synchronous firing instead of non-synchronous firing for identical setups, as well as the state space reduction factor.
When examining the E/S Ratio for the non-synchronous graphs, it is both expected and observed that the ratio slightly increases as the number of services increases. When more applicable exploits are used during the generation process, the number of permutations increases, which corresponds with the growing number of states and edges. However, the increase in the number of services also increases the relation between states and the new permutations.
@ -242,7 +242,8 @@ When comparing the E/S Ratio for the non-synchronous graphs to the E/S Ratio for
\begin{figure}[htp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri8.png"}
\caption{Speedup (Amdahl's) Obtained When Using Synchronous Firing}
\includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri9.png"}
\caption{Speedup (Amdahl's) and State Space Reduction Factor Obtained When Using Synchronous Firing}
\label{fig:Sync-Spd}
\end{figure}
@ -273,23 +274,24 @@ When comparing the E/S Ratio for the non-synchronous graphs to the E/S Ratio for
\caption{Results for the Synchronous Firing Testing}
\label{table:S-Table}
\centering
\setlength\tabcolsep{4pt}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\setlength\tabcolsep{3pt}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\multicolumn{6}{|c|}{Synchronous Firing} \\ \hline
\multicolumn{7}{|c|}{Synchronous Firing} \\ \hline
\textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Services\end{tabular}}
& \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}States\end{tabular}}
& \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Edges\end{tabular}}
& \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Runtime\\(ms)\end{tabular}}
& \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}E/S\\Ratio\end{tabular}}
& \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Speedup\end{tabular}}
& \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}State Space\\Reduction\end{tabular}}
\\ \hline
1 & 6277 & 3.46E04 & 1.48E04 & 5.507 & 5.87 \\ \hline
2 & 11653 & 6.94E04 & 2.92E04 & 5.954 & 3.96 \\ \hline
3 & 25317 & 1.60E05 & 6.68E04 & 6.321 & 2.76 \\ \hline
4 & 36949 & 2.42E05 & 1.02E05 & 6.538 & 2.47 \\ \hline
5 & 83134 & 5.71E05 & 2.44E05 & 6.868 & 2.42 \\ \hline
6 & 186679 & 1.35E06 & 5.82E05 & 7.209 & 2.72 \\ \hline
1 & 6277 & 3.46E04 & 1.48E04 & 5.507 & 5.87 & 5.89 \\ \hline
2 & 11653 & 6.94E04 & 2.92E04 & 5.954 & 3.96 & 3.98 \\ \hline
3 & 25317 & 1.60E05 & 6.68E04 & 6.321 & 2.76 & 2.86 \\ \hline
4 & 36949 & 2.42E05 & 1.02E05 & 6.538 & 2.47 & 2.53 \\ \hline
5 & 83134 & 5.71E05 & 2.44E05 & 6.868 & 2.42 & 2.53 \\ \hline
6 & 186679 & 1.35E06 & 5.82E05 & 7.209 & 2.72 & 2.27 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
@ -353,29 +355,31 @@ Leveraging comprehensive services with synchronous firing enables users to signi
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri9.png"}
\includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri10.png"}
\includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri11.png"}
\caption[Synchronous Firing on Runtime]{Bar Graph and Line Graph Representations of Synchronous Firing with Comprehensive Services on Runtime}
\label{fig:Comp-Sync-RT}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri11.png"}
\includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri12.png"}
\includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri13.png"}
\caption{Bar Graph and Line Graph Representations of Synchronous Firing with Comprehensive Services on State Space}
\label{fig:Comp-Sync-State}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[htp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri13.png"}
\includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri14.png"}
\caption{Speedup (Amdahl's) Obtained When Using Synchronous Firing with Comprehensive Services}
\label{fig:Comp-Sync-Spd}
\end{figure}
\subsubsection{Results for the DMCA Takedown Environment} \label{sec:dmca_res}
Using the experimental setup described in Section \ref{sec:test-platform} on the platform described at the beginning of Section \ref{sec:test-platform}, results were collected in regards to the effect of synchronous firing on both state space and runtime. The graphs' edge to state ratio (E/S Ratio) was computed as well.
Using the experimental setup described in Section \ref{sec:test-platform} on the platform described at the beginning of Section \ref{sec:test-platform}, results were collected in regards to the effect of synchronous firing on both state space and runtime. The graphs' edge to state ratio (E/S Ratio) was computed as well. The respective tables are seen in Tables \ref{table:DMCA-NS-Table} and \ref{table:DMCA-S-Table}. The associated figure (Fig. \ref{fig:DMCA-States-Runtime}) shows a decrease in the number of states and a decrease in the runtime when synchronous firing is utilized. Since synchronous firing prevents the generation of unattainable states, there is no meaningful information loss that occurs in the graphs generated with the synchronous firing feature. Fig. \ref{fig:DMCA-Sync-Spd} displays the speedup (according to Amdahl's Law) obtained when using synchronous firing instead of non-synchronous firing for identical setups, as well as the state space reduction factor.
In this example, the synchronous firing approach mitigates the state space explosion by an increasing factor. With traditional attack and compliance graph generation, the uninstall process is required to be broken into individual steps, causing an unnecessarily large growth in the resulting graph. This is exacerbated due to the presence of multiple employees transmitting multiple pieces of illicit data, all of which must be captured individually. Using synchronous firing allows for better modeling of real systems, where features, processes, or tasks are often combined into single steps.
\begin{table}[htp]
\caption{Results for the Non-Synchronous Firing Testing}
@ -391,13 +395,13 @@ Using the experimental setup described in Section \ref{sec:test-platform} on the
& \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Runtime\\ (ms)\end{tabular}}
& \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}E/S\\ Ratio\end{tabular}}
\\ \hline
A & 16 & 128 & 16.334 & 8.000 \\ \hline
B & 32 & 400 & 42.791 & 12.500 \\ \hline
C & 256 & 6144 & 1754.768 & 24.000 \\ \hline
AB & 512 & 13824 & 1942.736 & 27.000 \\ \hline
AC & 4096 & 147456 & 27962.078 & 36.000 \\ \hline
BC & 8192 & 319488 & 66394.759 & 39.000 \\ \hline
ABC & 131072 & 6684672 & 1940664.745 & 51.000 \\ \hline
A & 16 & 32 & 11.109 & 2.000 \\ \hline
B & 32 & 80 & 26.202 & 2.500 \\ \hline
C & 64 & 192 & 64.012 & 3.000 \\ \hline
AB & 512 & 1984 & 906.578 & 3.875 \\ \hline
AC & 1024 & 4032 & 2154.862 & 3.938 \\ \hline
BC & 2048 & 8128 & 5154.858 & 3.969 \\ \hline
ABC & 32768 & 131008 & 105675.709 & 3.998 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
@ -405,27 +409,44 @@ Using the experimental setup described in Section \ref{sec:test-platform} on the
\caption{Results for the Synchronous Firing Testing}
\label{table:DMCA-S-Table}
\centering
\setlength\tabcolsep{4pt}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\setlength\tabcolsep{3pt}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\multicolumn{6}{|c|}{Synchronous Firing} \\ \hline
\multicolumn{7}{|c|}{Synchronous Firing} \\ \hline
\textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Employees \\ Present\end{tabular}}
& \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}States\end{tabular}}
& \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Edges\end{tabular}}
& \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Runtime\\(ms)\end{tabular}}
& \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}E/S\\Ratio\end{tabular}}
& \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Speedup\end{tabular}}
& \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}State Space\\Reduction\end{tabular}}
\\ \hline
A & 2 & 1 & 36.975 & 2.000 & 2.0 \\ \hline
B & 2 & 1 & 520.277 & 2.000 & 2.0 \\ \hline
C & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \hline
AB & 2 & 1 & 11239.546 & 2.000 & 2.0 \\ \hline
AC & 4096 & 147456 & 27962.078 & 36.000 & 2.0 \\ \hline
BC & 8192 & 319488 & 66394.759 & 39.000 & 2.0 \\ \hline
ABC & 131072 & 6684672 & 1940664.745 & 51.000 & 2.0 \\ \hline
A & 2 & 1 & 3.810 & 0.500 & 2.92 & 8.00 \\ \hline
B & 2 & 1 & 5.214 & 0.500 & 5.03 & 16.00 \\ \hline
C & 2 & 1 & 9.063 & 0.500 & 7.06 & 32.00 \\ \hline
AB & 4 & 4 & 67.560 & 1.000 & 13.42 & 128.00 \\ \hline
AC & 4 & 4 & 117.833 & 1.000 & 18.29 & 256.00 \\ \hline
BC & 4 & 4 & 108.544 & 1.000 & 47.49 & 512.00 \\ \hline
ABC & 8 & 12 & 705.016 & 1.500 & 149.89 & 4096.00 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri15.png"}
\includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri16.png"}
\caption{Synchronous Firing on State Space and Runtime for the DMCA Takedown Environment}
\label{fig:DMCA-States-Runtime}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[htp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri17.png"}
\includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri18.png"}
\caption{Speedup (Amdahl's) and State Space Reduction Factor Obtained When Using Synchronous Firing}
\label{fig:DMCA-Sync-Spd}
\end{figure}
\section{Future Works} \label{sec:fw}
As seen and discussed in Section \ref{sec:inseparable}, when unattainable states are generated, there is a compounding effect. Each unattainable state is explored, and is likely to generate additional unattainable states. Future works include examining the effect of synchronous firing when more assets are utilized. It is hypothesized that the synchronous firing approach will lead to an increased runtime reduction and state space reduction due to the increased number of unattainable state permutations. This work had a limited number of assets, but generated upwards of 400,000 states due to repeated applications of the exploit set due to the services corresponding with the compliance graph. Future work could alter the scenario to have a greater number of assets, and a standard set of exploits more akin to an attack graph rather than a compliance graph. Other future works could include measuring the performance of synchronous firing when multiple groups of inseparable features are used. This work used a single group, but multiple groups be added to examine the performance of the feature.

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\bibcite{phillips_graph-based_1998}{1}
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@ -108,8 +104,8 @@
\bibcite{nichols_2018}{18}
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@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ Y.~Kim, J.~Moon, S.~J. Cho, M.~Park, and S.~Han, ``Efficient identification of
International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in
Ubiquitous Computing}, pp.~236--240, 2014.
\bibitem{Android_Piracy}
\bibitem{AndroidPiracy}
N.~Kumari and M.~Chen, ``Malware and piracy detection in android
applications,'' in {\em 2022 IEEE 5th International Conference on Multimedia
Information Processing and Retrieval (MIPR)}, pp.~306--311, 2022.

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> -- 204

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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
\documentclass{IEEEoj}
%DIF LATEXDIFF DIFFERENCE FILE
%DIF DEL ../Original Submission/Schrick-Noah_AG-CG-SyncFire.tex Mon Dec 12 09:02:11 2022
%DIF ADD Schrick-Noah_AG-CG-SyncFire_Revised.tex Wed Mar 22 18:17:56 2023
%DIF ADD Schrick-Noah_AG-CG-SyncFire_Revised.tex Fri Mar 24 17:47:38 2023
\usepackage{cite}
\usepackage{spverbatim}
\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb,amsfonts}
@ -19,11 +19,10 @@
\RequirePackage{color}\definecolor{RED}{rgb}{1,0,0}\definecolor{BLUE}{rgb}{0,0,1} %DIF PREAMBLE
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@ -177,7 +176,7 @@ Post-processing is one option at removing the unattainable states. This process
Instead, a new feature called synchronous firing can be used to prevent the generation of these states. The goal of the synchronous firing feature is to prevent the generation of unattainable states, while incurring no greater computational cost. Section \ref{sec:implementing} will discuss the development of this feature, and Section \ref{sec:Results} will examine the results when using this feature in applicable networks.
\section{Implementing Synchronous Firing} \label{sec:implementing}
\DIFaddbegin \DIFadd{Synchronous exploit firing aims to eliminate the generation of infeasible states during the generation process, rather than needing an additional post-processing step. Using Fig. }\ref{fig:non-sync-ex} \DIFadd{as an example, the goal of synchronous firing is to only generate the 3 valid, unshaded nodes, rather than generate all 16 nodes since 13 of the nodes represent an impossibility where two cars are progressing through time at different rates. Synchronous firing is accomplished through new grouping keywords in the input exploit file, which propagate through the modified attack and compliance graph engine, and prevent the firing of exploits if they are part of a group where all members are not yet available to fire.
\DIFaddbegin \DIFadd{Synchronous exploit firing aims to eliminate the generation of infeasible states during the generation process, rather than needing an additional post-processing step. Using Fig. }\ref{fig:non-sync_ex} \DIFadd{as an example, the goal of synchronous firing is to only generate the 3 valid, unshaded nodes, rather than generate all 16 nodes since 13 of the nodes represent an impossibility where two cars are progressing through time at different rates. Synchronous firing is accomplished through new grouping keywords in the input exploit file, which propagate through the modified attack and compliance graph engine, and prevent the firing of exploits if they are part of a group where all members are not yet available to fire.
}\DIFaddend For the implementation of the synchronous firing feature, there were four primary changes and additions that were \DIFdelbegin \DIFdel{necessary}\DIFdelend \DIFaddbegin \DIFadd{required}\DIFaddend . The first is a change in the lexical analyzer, \DIFdelbegin \DIFdel{the }\DIFdelend \DIFaddbegin \DIFadd{which handles the model and exploit input. Users indicate features that should fire simultaneously in these input files, and the lexical analyzer is responsible for parsing and passing that information to the graph generator. The }\DIFaddend second involves multiple changes to PostgreSQL \DIFdelbegin \DIFdel{, the }\DIFdelend \DIFaddbegin \DIFadd{to support the storage of group features and information. The }\DIFaddend third is the implementation of compound operators \DIFdelbegin \DIFdel{, and lastly }\DIFdelend \DIFaddbegin \DIFadd{in RAGE, since enumeration of all exploits may not be possible, especially when modeling a system over time. The fourth }\DIFaddend is a change in the graph generation process\DIFaddbegin \DIFadd{, which checks to see if all exploits in a group are able to fire simultaneously before firing}\DIFaddend . The subsections in this Section describe these four alterations \DIFaddbegin \DIFadd{in greater detail}\DIFaddend .
\subsection{GNU Bison and Flex}
@ -281,23 +280,23 @@ The compliance checks are as follows:
\end{itemize}
\DIFaddbegin \subsubsection{\DIFadd{DMCA Takedown}}
\DIFadd{A second example of synchronous firing is illustrated through a DMCA Takedown for a fictitious organization \mbox{%DIFAUXCMD
\cite{DMCA}}\hskip0pt%DIFAUXCMD
. In this example, a DMCA Takedown is issued to an organization after a group of employees were found to be engaging in online piracy with torrenting software on company devices and using company resources. Detection and removal of illicit data, such as through means presented by the authors of \mbox{%DIFAUXCMD
\cite{Piracy} }\hskip0pt%DIFAUXCMD
for Windows or \mbox{%DIFAUXCMD
\cite{Android_Piracy} }\hskip0pt%DIFAUXCMD
for company-supplied Android mobile devices, can be incorporated into and represented by a compliance graph.
\DIFadd{A second example of synchronous firing is illustrated through a DMCA Takedown for a fictitious organization [19]%\mbox{%DIFAUXCMD
%\cite{DMCA}}\hskip0pt%DIFAUXCMD
. In this example, a DMCA Takedown is issued to an organization after a group of employees were found to be engaging in online piracy with torrenting software on company devices and while using company resources. Detection and removal of illicit data, such as through means presented by the authors of %\mbox{%DIFAUXCMD
%\cite{Piracy} }\hskip0pt%DIFAUXCMD
[20] for Windows or %\mbox{%DIFAUXCMD
%\cite{AndroidPiracy} }\hskip0pt%DIFAUXCMD
[21] for company-supplied Android mobile devices, can be incorporated into and represented by a compliance graph.
}
\DIFadd{Only the subset of the organization's network which contains the illicit data is used for this example. The graph generation process walks through as a system administrator removes the torrenting software and the illicit data from the company devices. When removing torrenting software, the data associated with the torrenting program can be removed at the same time; an administrator does not need to remove the torrenting program and then separately remove the data. This example highlights the capability of synchronous firing by grouping the removal of software and data together, as opposed to traditional attack and compliance graphs requiring at least two separate steps to remove the software and data.
\DIFadd{For this example, various graphs are generated based on the permutations of employees present. In one graph, only Employee A is present in the network. In another graph, Employees B and C are present in the network. All permutations are tested and are show in }\ref{sec:dmca_res}\DIFadd{. The graph generation process walks through as a system administrator removes the torrenting software and the illicit data from the company devices. Typically when removing torrenting software, the data associated with the torrenting program can be removed at the same time as the uninstall automatically; an administrator does not need to remove the torrenting program and then separately remove the data. Without the use of synchronous firing, attack and compliance graphs must individually remove all data and all programs individually. This example highlights the capability of synchronous firing by grouping the removal of software and data together through ``uninstall" groups, as opposed to traditional attack and compliance graphs requiring multiple steps to remove the software and data.
}
\DIFadd{This experimental setup is as follows:
}\begin{itemize}
\item{Employee A has torrenting software, and is actively uploading and downloading 3 programs.}
\item{Employee B has torrenting software, and is actively uploading and downloading 4 programs.}
\item{Employee C has torrenting software, and is actively uploading and downloading 7 programs.}
\item{Employee C has torrenting software, and is actively uploading and downloading 5 programs.}
\item{If synchronous firing is not enabled, the administrator removes each illicit program one-by-one after the removal of the torrenting software.}
\item{If synchronous firing is enabled, the administrator removes the torrenting software and all programs off a single device simultaneously.}
\item{Graph visualization was not timed. Only the generation and database operation time was measured.}
@ -311,7 +310,7 @@ for company-supplied Android mobile devices, can be incorporated into and repres
\DIFaddend \subsection{Results and Analysis}
\subsubsection{Results for the Theoretical \DIFaddbegin \DIFadd{Automobile }\DIFaddend Environment} \label{sec:theo_res}
Using the experimental setup described in Section \ref{sec:test-platform} on the platform described at the beginning of Section \ref{sec:test-platform}, results were collected in regards to the effect of synchronous firing on both state space and runtime. The graphs' edge to state ratio (E/S Ratio) was computed as well. The inclusion of this ratio allows for a comparison to be drawn regarding the usage of the synchronous firing feature. Examining this ratio can provide additional insight on how the graph's underlying topological structures change when using or not using synchronous firing. The results can be seen in Figures \ref{fig:Sync-RT} and \ref{fig:Sync-State}. The respective tables are seen in Tables \ref{table:NS-Table} and \ref{table:S-Table}. Both figures show a decrease in the number of states and a decrease in the runtime when synchronous firing is utilized. Since synchronous firing prevents the generation of unattainable states, there is no meaningful information loss that occurs in the graphs generated with the synchronous firing feature. Since the resulting number of states was also reduced, there will be increased justification for the synchronous firing approach due to a reduced runtime for the analysis process. Fig. \ref{fig:Sync-Spd} displays the speedup (according to Amdahl's Law) obtained when using synchronous firing instead of non-synchronous firing for identical setups.
Using the experimental setup described in Section \ref{sec:test-platform} on the platform described at the beginning of Section \ref{sec:test-platform}, results were collected in regards to the effect of synchronous firing on both state space and runtime. The graphs' edge to state ratio (E/S Ratio) was computed as well. The inclusion of this ratio allows for a comparison to be drawn regarding the usage of the synchronous firing feature. Examining this ratio can provide additional insight on how the graph's underlying topological structures change when using or not using synchronous firing. The results can be seen in Figures \ref{fig:Sync-RT} and \ref{fig:Sync-State}. The respective tables are seen in Tables \ref{table:NS-Table} and \ref{table:S-Table}. Both figures show a decrease in the number of states and a decrease in the runtime when synchronous firing is utilized. Since synchronous firing prevents the generation of unattainable states, there is no meaningful information loss that occurs in the graphs generated with the synchronous firing feature. Since the resulting number of states was also reduced, there will be increased justification for the synchronous firing approach due to a reduced runtime for the analysis process. Fig. \ref{fig:Sync-Spd} displays the speedup (according to Amdahl's Law) obtained when using synchronous firing instead of non-synchronous firing for identical setups\DIFaddbegin \DIFadd{, as well as the state space reduction factor}\DIFaddend .
When examining the E/S Ratio for the non-synchronous graphs, it is both expected and observed that the ratio slightly increases as the number of services increases. When more applicable exploits are used during the generation process, the number of permutations increases, which corresponds with the growing number of states and edges. However, the increase in the number of services also increases the relation between states and the new permutations.
@ -336,7 +335,8 @@ When comparing the E/S Ratio for the non-synchronous graphs to the E/S Ratio for
\begin{figure}[htp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri8.png"}
\caption{Speedup (Amdahl's) Obtained When Using Synchronous Firing}
\DIFaddbeginFL \includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri9.png"}
\DIFaddendFL \caption{Speedup (Amdahl's) \DIFaddbeginFL \DIFaddFL{and State Space Reduction Factor }\DIFaddendFL Obtained When Using Synchronous Firing}
\label{fig:Sync-Spd}
\end{figure}
@ -367,23 +367,28 @@ When comparing the E/S Ratio for the non-synchronous graphs to the E/S Ratio for
\caption{Results for the Synchronous Firing Testing}
\label{table:S-Table}
\centering
\setlength\tabcolsep{4pt}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\multicolumn{6}{|c|}{Synchronous Firing} \\ \hline
\setlength\DIFdelbeginFL %DIFDELCMD < \tabcolsep{4pt}
%DIFDELCMD < \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
%DIFDELCMD < %%%
\DIFdelendFL \DIFaddbeginFL \tabcolsep{3pt}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\DIFaddendFL \hline
\DIFdelbeginFL %DIFDELCMD < \multicolumn{6}{|c|}{Synchronous Firing} %%%
\DIFdelendFL \DIFaddbeginFL \multicolumn{7}{|c|}{Synchronous Firing} \DIFaddendFL \\ \hline
\textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Services\end{tabular}}
& \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}States\end{tabular}}
& \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Edges\end{tabular}}
& \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Runtime\\(ms)\end{tabular}}
& \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}E/S\\Ratio\end{tabular}}
& \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Speedup\end{tabular}}
\\ \hline
1 & 6277 & 3.46E04 & 1.48E04 & 5.507 & 5.87 \\ \hline
2 & 11653 & 6.94E04 & 2.92E04 & 5.954 & 3.96 \\ \hline
3 & 25317 & 1.60E05 & 6.68E04 & 6.321 & 2.76 \\ \hline
4 & 36949 & 2.42E05 & 1.02E05 & 6.538 & 2.47 \\ \hline
5 & 83134 & 5.71E05 & 2.44E05 & 6.868 & 2.42 \\ \hline
6 & 186679 & 1.35E06 & 5.82E05 & 7.209 & 2.72 \\ \hline
\DIFaddbeginFL & \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}\DIFaddFL{State Space}\\\DIFaddFL{Reduction}\end{tabular}}
\DIFaddendFL \\ \hline
1 & 6277 & 3.46E04 & 1.48E04 & 5.507 & 5.87 \DIFaddbeginFL & \DIFaddFL{5.89 }\DIFaddendFL \\ \hline
2 & 11653 & 6.94E04 & 2.92E04 & 5.954 & 3.96 \DIFaddbeginFL & \DIFaddFL{3.98 }\DIFaddendFL \\ \hline
3 & 25317 & 1.60E05 & 6.68E04 & 6.321 & 2.76 \DIFaddbeginFL & \DIFaddFL{2.86 }\DIFaddendFL \\ \hline
4 & 36949 & 2.42E05 & 1.02E05 & 6.538 & 2.47 \DIFaddbeginFL & \DIFaddFL{2.53 }\DIFaddendFL \\ \hline
5 & 83134 & 5.71E05 & 2.44E05 & 6.868 & 2.42 \DIFaddbeginFL & \DIFaddFL{2.53 }\DIFaddendFL \\ \hline
6 & 186679 & 1.35E06 & 5.82E05 & 7.209 & 2.72 \DIFaddbeginFL & \DIFaddFL{2.27 }\DIFaddendFL \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
@ -447,31 +452,105 @@ Leveraging comprehensive services with synchronous firing enables users to signi
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri9.png"}
\includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri10.png"}
\caption[Synchronous Firing on Runtime]{Bar Graph and Line Graph Representations of Synchronous Firing with Comprehensive Services on Runtime}
\DIFdelbeginFL %DIFDELCMD < \includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri9.png"}
%DIFDELCMD < %%%
\DIFdelendFL \includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri10.png"}
\DIFaddbeginFL \includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri11.png"}
\DIFaddendFL \caption[Synchronous Firing on Runtime]{Bar Graph and Line Graph Representations of Synchronous Firing with Comprehensive Services on Runtime}
\label{fig:Comp-Sync-RT}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri11.png"}
\includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri12.png"}
\caption{Bar Graph and Line Graph Representations of Synchronous Firing with Comprehensive Services on State Space}
\DIFdelbeginFL %DIFDELCMD < \includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri11.png"}
%DIFDELCMD < %%%
\DIFdelendFL \includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri12.png"}
\DIFaddbeginFL \includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri13.png"}
\DIFaddendFL \caption{Bar Graph and Line Graph Representations of Synchronous Firing with Comprehensive Services on State Space}
\label{fig:Comp-Sync-State}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[htp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri13.png"}
\caption{Speedup (Amdahl's) Obtained When Using Synchronous Firing with Comprehensive Services}
\DIFdelbeginFL %DIFDELCMD < \includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri13.png"}
%DIFDELCMD < %%%
\DIFdelendFL \DIFaddbeginFL \includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri14.png"}
\DIFaddendFL \caption{Speedup (Amdahl's) Obtained When Using Synchronous Firing with Comprehensive Services}
\label{fig:Comp-Sync-Spd}
\end{figure}
\DIFaddbegin
\DIFaddbeginFL \end{figure}
\subsubsection{\DIFadd{Results for the DMCA Takedown Environment}} \label{sec:dmca_res}
\DIFadd{Using the experimental setup described in Section }\ref{sec:test-platform} \DIFadd{on the platform described at the beginning of Section }\ref{sec:test-platform}\DIFadd{, results were collected in regards to the effect of synchronous firing on both state space and runtime. The graphs' edge to state ratio (E/S Ratio) was computed as well.
}\DIFaddend
\DIFadd{Using the experimental setup described in Section }\ref{sec:test-platform} \DIFadd{on the platform described at the beginning of Section }\ref{sec:test-platform}\DIFadd{, results were collected in regards to the effect of synchronous firing on both state space and runtime. The graphs' edge to state ratio (E/S Ratio) was computed as well. The respective tables are seen in Tables }\ref{table:DMCA-NS-Table} \DIFadd{and }\ref{table:DMCA-S-Table}\DIFadd{. The associated figure (Fig. }\ref{fig:DMCA-States-Runtime}\DIFadd{) shows a decrease in the number of states and a decrease in the runtime when synchronous firing is utilized. Since synchronous firing prevents the generation of unattainable states, there is no meaningful information loss that occurs in the graphs generated with the synchronous firing feature. Fig. }\ref{fig:DMCA-Sync-Spd} \DIFadd{displays the speedup (according to Amdahl's Law) obtained when using synchronous firing instead of non-synchronous firing for identical setups, as well as the state space reduction factor.
}
\DIFadd{In this example, the synchronous firing approach mitigates the state space explosion by an increasing factor. With traditional attack and compliance graph generation, the uninstall process is required to be broken into individual steps, causing an unnecessarily large growth in the resulting graph. This is exacerbated due to the presence of multiple employees transmitting multiple pieces of illicit data, all of which must be captured individually. Using synchronous firing allows for better modeling of real systems, where features, processes, or tasks are often combined into single steps.
}
\begin{table}[htp]
\caption{\DIFaddFL{Results for the Non-Synchronous Firing Testing}}
\label{table:DMCA-NS-Table}
\centering
\setlength\tabcolsep{4pt}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\multicolumn{5}{|c|}{Non-Synchronous Firing} \\ \hline
\textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}\DIFaddFL{Employees }\\ \DIFaddFL{Present}\end{tabular}}
& \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}\DIFaddFL{Number of }\\ \DIFaddFL{States}\end{tabular}}
& \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}\DIFaddFL{Number of }\\ \DIFaddFL{Edges}\end{tabular}}
& \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}\DIFaddFL{Runtime}\\ \DIFaddFL{(ms)}\end{tabular}}
& \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}\DIFaddFL{E/S}\\ \DIFaddFL{Ratio}\end{tabular}}
\\ \hline
\DIFaddFL{A }& \DIFaddFL{16 }& \DIFaddFL{32 }& \DIFaddFL{11.109 }& \DIFaddFL{2.000 }\\ \hline
\DIFaddFL{B }& \DIFaddFL{32 }& \DIFaddFL{80 }& \DIFaddFL{26.202 }& \DIFaddFL{2.500 }\\ \hline
\DIFaddFL{C }& \DIFaddFL{64 }& \DIFaddFL{192 }& \DIFaddFL{64.012 }& \DIFaddFL{3.000 }\\ \hline
\DIFaddFL{AB }& \DIFaddFL{512 }& \DIFaddFL{1984 }& \DIFaddFL{906.578 }& \DIFaddFL{3.875 }\\ \hline
\DIFaddFL{AC }& \DIFaddFL{1024 }& \DIFaddFL{4032 }& \DIFaddFL{2154.862 }& \DIFaddFL{3.938 }\\ \hline
\DIFaddFL{BC }& \DIFaddFL{2048 }& \DIFaddFL{8128 }& \DIFaddFL{5154.858 }& \DIFaddFL{3.969 }\\ \hline
\DIFaddFL{ABC }& \DIFaddFL{32768 }& \DIFaddFL{131008 }& \DIFaddFL{105675.709 }& \DIFaddFL{3.998 }\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
\begin{table}[htp]
\caption{\DIFaddFL{Results for the Synchronous Firing Testing}}
\label{table:DMCA-S-Table}
\centering
\setlength\tabcolsep{3pt}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\multicolumn{7}{|c|}{Synchronous Firing} \\ \hline
\textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}\DIFaddFL{Employees }\\ \DIFaddFL{Present}\end{tabular}}
& \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}\DIFaddFL{States}\end{tabular}}
& \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}\DIFaddFL{Edges}\end{tabular}}
& \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}\DIFaddFL{Runtime}\\\DIFaddFL{(ms)}\end{tabular}}
& \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}\DIFaddFL{E/S}\\\DIFaddFL{Ratio}\end{tabular}}
& \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}\DIFaddFL{Speedup}\end{tabular}}
& \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}\DIFaddFL{State Space}\\\DIFaddFL{Reduction}\end{tabular}}
\\ \hline
\DIFaddFL{A }& \DIFaddFL{2 }& \DIFaddFL{1 }& \DIFaddFL{3.810 }& \DIFaddFL{0.500 }& \DIFaddFL{2.92 }& \DIFaddFL{8.00 }\\ \hline
\DIFaddFL{B }& \DIFaddFL{2 }& \DIFaddFL{1 }& \DIFaddFL{5.214 }& \DIFaddFL{0.500 }& \DIFaddFL{5.03 }& \DIFaddFL{16.00 }\\ \hline
\DIFaddFL{C }& \DIFaddFL{2 }& \DIFaddFL{1 }& \DIFaddFL{9.063 }& \DIFaddFL{0.500 }& \DIFaddFL{7.06 }& \DIFaddFL{32.00 }\\ \hline
\DIFaddFL{AB }& \DIFaddFL{4 }& \DIFaddFL{4 }& \DIFaddFL{67.560 }& \DIFaddFL{1.000 }& \DIFaddFL{13.42 }& \DIFaddFL{128.00 }\\ \hline
\DIFaddFL{AC }& \DIFaddFL{4 }& \DIFaddFL{4 }& \DIFaddFL{117.833 }& \DIFaddFL{1.000 }& \DIFaddFL{18.29 }& \DIFaddFL{256.00 }\\ \hline
\DIFaddFL{BC }& \DIFaddFL{4 }& \DIFaddFL{4 }& \DIFaddFL{108.544 }& \DIFaddFL{1.000 }& \DIFaddFL{47.49 }& \DIFaddFL{512.00 }\\ \hline
\DIFaddFL{ABC }& \DIFaddFL{8 }& \DIFaddFL{12 }& \DIFaddFL{705.016 }& \DIFaddFL{1.500 }& \DIFaddFL{149.89 }& \DIFaddFL{4096.00 }\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri15.png"}
\includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri16.png"}
\caption{\DIFaddFL{Synchronous Firing on State Space and Runtime for the DMCA Takedown Environment}}
\label{fig:DMCA-States-Runtime}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[htp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri17.png"}
\includegraphics[width=3.3in]{"./images/schri18.png"}
\caption{\DIFaddFL{Speedup (Amdahl's) and State Space Reduction Factor Obtained When Using Synchronous Firing}}
\label{fig:DMCA-Sync-Spd}
\DIFaddendFL \end{figure}
\section{Future Works} \label{sec:fw}
As seen and discussed in Section \ref{sec:inseparable}, when unattainable states are generated, there is a compounding effect. Each unattainable state is explored, and is likely to generate additional unattainable states. Future works include examining the effect of synchronous firing when more assets are utilized. It is hypothesized that the synchronous firing approach will lead to an increased runtime reduction and state space reduction due to the increased number of unattainable state permutations. This work had a limited number of assets, but generated upwards of 400,000 states due to repeated applications of the exploit set due to the services corresponding with the compliance graph. Future work could alter the scenario to have a greater number of assets, and a standard set of exploits more akin to an attack graph rather than a compliance graph. Other future works could include measuring the performance of synchronous firing when multiple groups of inseparable features are used. This work used a single group, but multiple groups be added to examine the performance of the feature.

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