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Introduction to Attack Graphs

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Noah L. Schrick 2022-02-25 22:40:12 -06:00
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\TUchapter{INTRODUCTION} \TUchapter{INTRODUCTION}
\TUsection{Introduction to Attack Graphs} \TUsection{Introduction to Attack Graphs}
Cybersecurity has been at the forefront of computing for decades, and vulnerability analysis modeling has been utilized to mitigate threats to aid in this effort. One such modeling approach
is to represent a system or a set of systems through graphical means, and encode information into the nodes and edges of the graph. Even as early as the late 1990s,
experts have composed various graphical models to map devices and vulnerabilities through attack trees, and this work can be seen through the works published by the authors of \cite{phillips_graph-based_1998}.
This work, and other attack tree discussions of this time such as that conducted by the author of \cite{schneier_modeling_1999}, would later be referred to as early versions of modern-day attack graphs
\cite{ou_scalable_2006}. By utilizing this graphical approach, cybersecurity postures can be measued at a system's current status, as well as hypothesize and examine other postures based on system changes
over time.
Attack Graphs are an appealing approach since they are often designed to be exhaustive: all system properties are represented at its intial state, all attack options are fully enumerated, all permutations are
examined, and all changes to a system are encoded into their own independent states, where these states are then individually analyzed through the process. The authors of \cite{sheyner_automated_2002} also
discuss the advantage of conciseness of attack graphs, where the final graph only incorporates states that an attacker can leverage; no superflous states are generated that can clutter analysis. Despite their
advantages, attack graphs do suffer from their exhaustiveness. As the authors of \cite{ou_scalable_2006} examine, even very small networks with only 10 hosts and 5 vulnerabilites yield graphs with 10 million
edges. When scaling attack graphs to analyze the modern, interconnected state of large networks comprising of a multitude of hosts, and utilizing the entries located in the National Vulnerability Database and any
custom vulnerability testing, this becomes infeasible. Similar difficulties arise in related fields, where social networks, bio-informatics, and neural network representations also result in graphs with millions of
states \cite{zhang_boosting_2017}. Various efforts that will be discussed in Section \ref{sec:related_works} demonstrate methods and techniques that can mitigate these difficulties and improve performance.
\TUsection{Application to Cybersecurity and Compliance} \TUsection{Application to Cybersecurity and Compliance}

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\TUsection{Introduction to Graph Generation} \TUsection{Introduction to Graph Generation}
\TUsection{Improvements to Attack Graph Generation} \TUsection{Improvements to Attack Graph Generation} \label{sec:related_works}
\TUsection{Attack Dependency Graphs} \TUsection{Attack Dependency Graphs}

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\begin{thebibliography}{1} \begin{thebibliography}{10}
\bibitem{ainsworth_graph_2016} \bibitem{ainsworth_graph_2016}
Sam Ainsworth and Timothy~M. Jones. Sam Ainsworth and Timothy~M. Jones.
@ -35,6 +35,28 @@ Ming Li, Peter Hawrylak, and John Hale.
\newblock {\em Proceedings - 2019 2nd International Conference on Data \newblock {\em Proceedings - 2019 2nd International Conference on Data
Intelligence and Security, ICDIS 2019}, pages 174--179, 2019. Intelligence and Security, ICDIS 2019}, pages 174--179, 2019.
\bibitem{ou_scalable_2006}
Xinming Ou, Wayne~F Boyer, and Miles~A Mcqueen.
\newblock A {Scalable} {Approach} to {Attack} {Graph} {Generation}.
\newblock pages 336--345, 2006.
\bibitem{phillips_graph-based_1998}
Cynthia Phillips and Laura~Painton Swiler.
\newblock A graph-based system for network-vulnerability analysis.
\newblock {\em Proceedings New Security Paradigms Workshop}, Part F1292:71--79,
1998.
\bibitem{schneier_modeling_1999}
Bruce Schneier.
\newblock Modeling {Security} {Threats}, 1999.
\newblock Publication Title: Dr. Dobb's Journal.
\bibitem{sheyner_automated_2002}
O.~Sheyner, J.~Haines, S.~Jha, R.. Lippmann, and J.~Wing.
\newblock Automated {Generation} and {Analysis} of {Attack} {Graphs}.
\newblock {\em Proceeding of 2002 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy},
pages 254--265, 2002.
\bibitem{zhang_boosting_2017} \bibitem{zhang_boosting_2017}
Jialiang Zhang, Soroosh Khoram, and Jing Li. Jialiang Zhang, Soroosh Khoram, and Jing Li.
\newblock Boosting the performance of {FPGA}-based graph processor using hybrid \newblock Boosting the performance of {FPGA}-based graph processor using hybrid

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\contentsline {section}{\hspace {-\parindent }LIST OF FIGURES}{x}{}% \contentsline {section}{\hspace {-\parindent }LIST OF FIGURES}{x}{}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {CHAPTER 1: }{\bf \uppercase {INTRODUCTION}}}{1}{}% \contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {CHAPTER 1: }{\bf \uppercase {INTRODUCTION}}}{1}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.1}\bf Introduction to Attack Graphs}{1}{}% \contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.1}\bf Introduction to Attack Graphs}{1}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.2}\bf Application to Cybersecurity and Compliance}{1}{}% \contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.2}\bf Application to Cybersecurity and Compliance}{2}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.3}\bf Objectives and Contributions}{1}{}% \contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.3}\bf Objectives and Contributions}{2}{}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {CHAPTER 2: }{\bf \uppercase {RELATED WORKS}}}{2}{}% \contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {CHAPTER 2: }{\bf \uppercase {RELATED WORKS}}}{3}{}%
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\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.2}\bf Improvements to Attack Graph Generation}{2}{}% \contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.2}\bf Improvements to Attack Graph Generation}{3}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.3}\bf Attack Dependency Graphs}{2}{}% \contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.3}\bf Attack Dependency Graphs}{3}{}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.4}\bf Compliance Graphs}{2}{}% \contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.4}\bf Compliance Graphs}{3}{}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {CHAPTER 3: }{\bf \uppercase {UTILITY EXTENSIONS TO THE RAGE ATTACK GRAPH GENERATOR}}}{3}{}% \contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {CHAPTER 3: }{\bf \uppercase {UTILITY EXTENSIONS TO THE RAGE ATTACK GRAPH GENERATOR}}}{4}{}%
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