Addressing Reviewer #2 and Reviewer #4

SoutheastCon/Original Submission/Schrick-Noah_AG-CG-CR.aux

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SoutheastCon/Original Submission/Schrick-Noah_AG-CG-CR.tex

@@ -63,7 +63,41 @@ Numerous efforts have been presented for C/R techniques with various categories
 Other investigations into attack and compliance graphs attempt to improve performance and scalability to mitigate state space explosion or lengthy runtimes, rather than focus on C/R. These investigations include the works by the authors of \cite{GraphDB}, which implement attack graph methodologies using Neo4j for efficient storage techniques. This approach has seen other implementations, such as that shown by the authors of \cite{Graph-DB}. Other attack graph scalability studies involve the alteration of the representation schemes. The authors of \cite{ou_scalable_2006} make use of logical statements for logical attack graphs. This approach has seen continued investigations, and similar logic-based attack graphs can be seen in the work presented by the authors of \cite{LAPA}. These logical based attack graphs aim to improve scalability by minimizing the resulting information. Other representation schemes include those seen by the authors of \cite{cook_scalable_2016} and the authors of \cite{li_concurrency_2019}, which make use of qualities and topologies through graph states. Scalability improvements have also been examined through sampling, such as the approach presented by the authors of \cite{AG-Sample}. Parallelization techniques have been investigated for runtime improvement, and successful results have been seen in the work by the authors of \cite{7087377}.
 
 \section{Methodology}
-\subsection{Checkpointing}
+\subsection{Experimental Setup}
+All data was collected on a 13 node cluster, with 12 nodes serving as dedicated compute nodes, and 1 node serving as the login node. Each compute node has a configuration as follows:
+\begin{itemize}
+    \item{OS: CentOS release 6.9}
+    \item{CPU: Two Intel Xeon E5-2620 v3}
+    \item{Two Intel Xeon Phi Co-Processors}
+    \item{One FPGA (Nallatech PCIE-385n A7 Altera Stratix V)}
+    \item{Memory: 64318MiB}
+\end{itemize}
+All nodes are connected with a 10Gbps Infiniband interconnect.
+\  \\
+
+Software versioning relevant to this work is as follows:
+\begin{itemize}
+    \item{PostgreSQL: 13.4}
+    \item{C++: std=c++17}
+    \item{CMake: 3.22.0}
+    \item{gcc: 8.2.0}
+    \item{OpenMPI: 4.1.2}
+    \item{Bison: 2.4.1}
+    \item{Flex: 2.5.35 }
+    \item{Graphviz: 2.49.1}
+\end{itemize}
+\  \\
+
+The network models and exploit patterns for testing, analyzing, and validating the C/R process were simplistic in nature, and served only to rapidly expand the size of the instance and frontier. Graph nodes had very minimal embedded information, and connectivity of the graph was low. Each node consisted of an internal counter that ensured uniqueness, but no other information was embedded within the nodes. Each node had only a single ``in-edge", but had multiple ``out-edges" to rapidly pressure the frontier's contribution to memory strain. An overview of the program flow can be seen in Fig. \ref{fig:prog-flow}. This figure presents the importing and initialization process for RAGE, the new check for any restarting or recovering, the generation loop, and the new checks for checkpointing and memory relief. Section \ref{sec:checkpoint} presents the checkpointing methodology and implementation details, and Section \ref{sec:restart} presents the restart methodology and implementation details.
+
+\begin{figure}[htp]
+    \centering
+    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{"./images/Program-Flow.png"}
+        \caption{Program Flow of the Attack and Compliance Graph Generation Process with C/R}
+        \label{fig:prog-flow}
+\end{figure}
+
+\subsection{Checkpointing} \label{sec:checkpoint}
 Previous works with RAGE have been designed around maximizing performance to limit the longer runtime caused by the state space explosion, such as the works seen by the authors of \cite{cook_rage_2018},
 \cite{li_concurrency_2019}, and \cite{li_combining_2019}. To this end, the output graph is contained in memory during the generation process to minimize disk writing and reading. RAGE does incorporate PostgreSQL as an initial and final storage mechanism to write the starting and resulting graph information, but no intermediate storage is otherwise conducted. Based on the inclusion of PostgreSQL in RAGE, the C/R approach was based around this dependency. Fig. \ref{fig:cr} shows an image of an attack or compliance graph that is undergoing the generation process. All nodes and edges within the ``instance" box have been fully explored, and all information is stored in memory. All nodes within the ``frontier" box have their information stored in memory, but they have not yet undergone exploration. To checkpoint at this point in time, both the instance and the frontier need to be saved. Additionally, since the instance will no longer be used, it can be fully removed from memory. Section \ref{sec:mem-constraint} highlights the advantages and necessities of this removal.
 
@@ -116,7 +150,7 @@ Previous works with RAGE have been designed around maximizing performance to lim
  by using a job scheduler argument such as Slurm's ``--exclusive" option, but this may not be desirable. Instead, a user could pass in the amount of total memory to use (and can be reused from a job scheduler's memory allocation
  request option), and the checkpointing process would function in the same fashion. Since PostgreSQL is used for the checkpointing, no file system dependencies are necessary for the cluster.
 
-\subsection{Restarting}
+\subsection{Restarting} \label{sec:restart}
 The restarting process for attack and compliance graph generation requires only a limited set of information. In order for a proper generation restart, the generator first needs to pull the unexplored queue (``frontier") database table into memory. After the frontier is loaded, the generator tool needs to know at which integer to begin tagging new states. This is accomplished by checking the ID of the latest state in the frontier. Since the instance has already been explored, it does not need to be retrieved from disk. In addition, the frontier is a queue of unexplored nodes. Since these nodes have yet to be explored, no edge information is available, and as a result, no edge information is required. At this point, the generator tool is able to pop the first node from the queue and resume the generation process.
 
 \section{Results}
@@ -155,7 +189,10 @@ This work presents an application-level approach at C/R. This approach was built
 Future work includes performance and size comparisons to available C/R libraries. This would include implementing SCR, BLCR, and/or DMTCP and measuring their respective checkpoint times and sizes, as well as time taken to restart. This timing information can then be compared to the checkpoint and restart time presented by this work. Future work could also include new optimization techniques. Additional investigations can provide insight on techniques for reducing the runtime of database queries, PostgreSQL database settings to alter or enable, or communication strategies between distributed nodes. Other work can involve alternative approaches at C/R. This work made use of PostgreSQL since it was already incorporated into RAGE, but future work can look toward alternatives. Filesystem C/R approaches can be investigated to determine possible advantages over a dedicated database. One other route for future work involves identifying the checkpointing interval. The work presented by the authors of \cite{CR-Simple} discusses a multitude of options for determining an optimal interval. Various options presented in their work can be implemented, along with their closed-form solution for identifying a default checkpointing interval that can be built into RAGE.
 
 %\bibliographyp
+\clearpage
+\IEEEtriggeratref{12}
 \bibliography{Bibliography}
 \bibliographystyle{ieeetr}
 
 \end{document}
+ 

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